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Fritz Julius Kuhn

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Fritz Julius Kuhn
Kuhn in 1938
Born(1896-05-15)May 15, 1896
Munich, Bavaria, German Empire
DiedDecember 14, 1951(1951-12-14) (aged 55)
Munich, Bavaria, West Germany
NationalityGerman
CitizenshipUnited States (1934–1943; revoked)
Alma materTechnical University of Munich
OccupationLeader of the German American Bund
SpouseElsa
Children2
Parents
  • Georg Kuhn
  • Julia Justyna Beuth
AwardsIron Cross (1st Class)
The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden
Kuhn appearing on the street after leaving a courthouse in Webster, Massachusetts, in 1939
Kuhn speaking at a "Bund"-camp-rally

Fritz Julius Kuhn (May 15, 1896 – December 14, 1951) was a German Nazi activist who served as the elected leader of the German American Bund, a German-American Nazi organization before World War II. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1934, though his citizenship was revoked in 1943 owing to his status as a foreign agent of Nazi Germany.[1] Kuhn served prison time for larceny and forgery from 1939 to 1943 and, upon release, was immediately interned by the United States government as an enemy agent.[2][1] He was deported in 1945 and later served further prison time in post-war Germany before dying in 1951.[3]

Early life and education

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Kuhn was born in Munich, Germany, on May 15, 1896, the son of Georg Kuhn and Julia Justyna Beuth. During World War I, Kuhn earned an Iron Cross as a German infantry lieutenant.[4][page needed] After the war, he joined the Freikorps and later graduated from the Technical University of Munich with a master's degree in chemical engineering.[5]

In the 1920s, Kuhn moved to Mexico. In 1928, he moved to the United States, and after 6 years, in 1934, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[1] He worked at a Ford factory in Detroit before assuming control of the German American Bund in Buffalo, New York, in 1936.[6]

Leadership of the German American Bund

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A Congressional committee headed by Samuel Dickstein concluded that the Friends of New Germany supported a branch of German dictator Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party in the United States,[7] and the Friends of New Germany disbanded. However, in March 1936, the German American Bund was established in Buffalo as a follow-up organization.[8] The Bund elected the German-born American citizen Kuhn as its leader.[9]

Kuhn, while describing the Bund as "sympathetic to the Hitler government", denied that the organization received money or took orders from the government of Germany. Kuhn also denied that the Bund had any agenda of introducing fascism to the United States.[10][11]

Kuhn enlisted thousands of Americans by using antisemitic, anticommunist, pro-German, and pro-American propaganda. One of his first tasks was planning a trip to Germany with 50 American followers. The purpose was to be in the presence of Hitler and to witness Nazism in practice personally.

At this time, Germany was preparing to host the 1936 Olympics. Kuhn anticipated a warm welcome from Adolf Hitler, but the encounter was disappointing.[citation needed] This did not stop Kuhn from fabricating propaganda to his followers once he returned to the United States about how Hitler acknowledged him as the "American Führer".[12]

As his profile grew, so did the tension against him. Not only Jewish-Americans, but also German-Americans who did not want to be associated with Nazis protested against the Bund.[13][14] These protests were occasionally violent, making the Bund front page news in the United States. In response to the outrage of Jewish war veterans,[citation needed] Congress in 1938 passed the Foreign Agents Registration Act requiring foreign agents to register with the State Department.[12] The negative attention to the American Nazis was not to Hitler's liking[citation needed] because he wanted the Nazi Party in the United States to be strong but stealthy.[citation needed] Hitler needed to keep the U.S. neutral throughout the coming war and sought to avoid provoking Americans. In contrast, Kuhn was eager to stir media attention. On March 1, 1938, the Nazi government decreed that no German national (Reichsdeutsche) could be a member of the Bund and that no Nazi emblems were to be used by the organization.[8]

Undaunted, on September 3, 1938, the Bund reelected Kuhn,[15] and on February 20, 1939, Kuhn held the largest and most publicized rally in the Bund's history at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[16] Some 20,000 people attended and heard Kuhn mock President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "Frank D. Rosenfeld", calling his New Deal the "Jew Deal" and denouncing what he called Bolshevik-Jewish American leadership. Kuhn also stated: "The Bund is fighting shoulder to shoulder with patriotic Americans to protect America from a race that is not the American race, that is not even a white race... The Jews are controlling everything and the white man is thrown out of his job.... The Jews are enemies of the United States.... All Jews are Communists.... Christ was not a Jew..."[17] There was an outbreak of violence between Bund storm troopers and thousands of angry protesters in the streets. During Kuhn's speech, a Jewish protester, Isadore Greenbaum, rushed the stage and had to be rescued by police after he was beaten and stripped by stormtroopers.[18][19][20]

Criminal conviction

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Later in 1939, seeking to cripple the Bund, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia ordered the city to investigate the Bund's taxes.[21] It alleged that Kuhn had embezzled $14,548 from the organization, spending part of the money on a mistress.[21][22] District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey issued an indictment on May 25, 1939, and won a conviction against Kuhn. On December 5, 1939, Kuhn was sentenced to two and a half to five years in prison for larceny and forgery.[2][23] The next day, he was sent to Sing Sing.[24] Despite his convictions for embezzlement, followers of the Bund continued to hold Kuhn in high regard, in line with the Nazi Führerprinzip, which gives the leader absolute power.[25]

In 1940, James Wheeler-Hill, the Secretary of the Bund, was sentenced to one to three years in prison after pleading guilty to perjury for falsely testifying that he was an American citizen at Kuhn's trial. Wheeler-Hill had been born in Latvia, and was never naturalized.[26]

Imprisonment and deportation

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Kuhn's citizenship was revoked on June 1, 1943, while he was in Sing Sing prison, on the grounds of it having been obtained fraudulently as shown by his ongoing activity as a foreign agent of, and a person with loyalty including oaths of military service towards, Germany and the Nazi Party.[1][6] Upon his release after 43 months in prison, Kuhn was re-arrested on June 21, 1943, as an enemy agent and interned by the federal government at a camp in Crystal City, Texas. Interned with Kuhn were his wife and 16-year-old son, who were deemed "enemy aliens". Kuhn's family had returned to Germany in 1938, but came back to support him for the trial. They were repatriated to Germany in an exchange in February 1944.[27]

After the war, Kuhn, along with 714 other "unteachable Germans" was sent to Ellis Island and deported to Germany on September 15, 1945.[28] Upon his return, he was interned at Hohenasperg Fortress.[1] A CIC agent who interrogated Kuhn in January 1946 recommended his release, saying he was "discredited and spiritually broken."[29] Kuhn wanted to return to the United States, but worked as an industrial chemist in a small chemical factory in Munich.[30] The German authorities then decided that he could be tried under Germany's denazification laws, and he was imprisoned in July 1947.[31]

Last years in Germany

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Kuhn was held in an internment camp at Dachau, awaiting trial before a Bavarian German de-Nazification court. He escaped on February 4, 1948, by promising a 32-year-old German civilian employee of the US armed forces that he would marry her. Nonetheless, Kuhn was tried in absentia in April 1948, and a jury found him guilty. He was sentenced to ten years in prison.[32] The Associated Press reported that the trial was carried out entirely by the presentation of documents demonstrating Kuhn's close ties with Hitler's Third Reich and his attempts transplant its ideology into the United States.[33]

Kuhn was recaptured on June 15 in the French zone town of Bernkastel, near Trier.[34] After an investigation into how he had escaped, the camp director, Anton Zirngibl, was fired. Kuhn told reporters, "The door was open so I went through."[35] Kuhn said on June 17 that he considered the ten-year sentence as a "major Nazi offender" unfair and that he intended to appeal.[36]

In 1949, an appellate court reduced Kuhn's sentence to two years of hard labor. He was released on February 22, 1949.[37] While in prison, Kuhn reportedly sent a message to columnist Walter Winchell, who had helped lead media counterattacks against the Bund back in New York City. It read: "Tell Herr Vinchell, I will lift to piss on his grafe [sic]."[38] Winchell died in 1972.

Death

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Kuhn died of unknown causes on December 14, 1951, in Munich, Germany. The New York Times obituary said that he died "a poor and obscure chemist, unheralded and unsung." Shortly before his death, Kuhn was asked why he'd followed Hitler. Disillusioned by the collapse of Nazi Germany, he replied, "Who would have known it would end like this?"[3]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Fritz Kuhn, Former Bund Chief, Ordered Back to Germany". The Evening Independent. September 7, 1945.
  2. ^ a b Adams, Thomas (2005). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A MultiDisciplinary Encyclopedia. G–N, volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 631. ISBN 1-85109-628-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed. Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich". The New York Times. Associated Press. February 2, 1953. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  4. ^ Curt Riess (20 April 2017). Total Espionage: Germany's Information and Disinformation Apparatus 1932-40. Fonthill Media. GGKEY:W0990A01E5Q.
  5. ^ Chan, Amy (2017-02-16). "Made in America: Americans in Support of the Nazi Cause". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  6. ^ a b O'Haire, Hugh (May 8, 1977). "When the Bund Strutted in Yaphankl". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  7. ^ U.S. Congress, House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (1938). Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. United States Congress. p. 1090. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  8. ^ a b Jim Bredemus. "American Bund – The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American 'Fifth Column'". TRACES. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  9. ^ Cyprian Blamires; Paul Jackson (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 270. ISBN 0-8223-0772-3.
  10. ^ Says Hitler Group is 200,000 strong. Kuhn Denies Trying to Set Up Fascism in U.S. Associated Press in Reading Eagle, March 12, 1937
  11. ^ Kuhn Bares Bund Record Destruction. "Kuhn steadfastly denied that the German government had any connection with his organization." Associated Press in Reading Eagle, August 16, 1939
  12. ^ a b Nazi America: A Secret History (2000), History Channel (92 min)
  13. ^ "The Day The German-American Bund Marched In Grafton". WUWM. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  14. ^ "Nazis among the Cedars: The Inability of the German American Bund to Find Acceptance in Pre-War Milwaukee" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
  15. ^ Taylor, Alan (5 June 2017). "American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  16. ^ Ratzis Fritz Kuhn and the Bund, 1939 by Jay Maeder Sunday, May 31, 1998
  17. ^ "How Fritz Kuhn and American Nazis brought anti-Semitic fervor to New York City before WWII". New York Daily News. 14 August 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  18. ^ "Fight Nazis in Big N.Y. Rally". No. February 21, 1939. Chicago Tribune Archive. Chicago Tribune News Service. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  19. ^ Philpot, Robert (February 22, 2019). "Eighty years ago this week: the night the Nazis played Madison Square Garden". The Jewish Chronicle. London. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  20. ^ Philip Bump, When Nazis rallied in Manhattan, one working-class Jewish man from Brooklyn took them on, 20 February 2017, The Washington Post
  21. ^ a b Duffy, Peter (2015). Double Agent: The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring. Scribner. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-45166-796-7. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  22. ^ Geels, James E. (August 1975). "The German-American Bund: Fifth Column or Deutschtum?". UNT Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  23. ^ "Article clipped from Journal Gazette". Journal Gazette. 1939-12-05. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
  24. ^ Taylor, Alan (5 June 2017). "American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  25. ^ Sander, Gordon F. (2017-08-23). "When Nazis Filled Madison Square Garden". Politico Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  26. ^ "The Mid-Island Mail 28 February 1940 – The NYS Historic Newspapers". nyshistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  27. ^ "The Minneapolis Star from Minneapolis, Minnesota". Newspapers.com. 1943-02-13. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  28. ^ Kuhn Departs Today, On Way To Germany. In: New York Times. 15. September 1945; Deportees, POW's Head For Germany; Fritz Kuhn Is Deportet. In: New York Times. 16. September 1945.
  29. ^ "2_Leader of German-American Bund held at Crystal City, Texas". Intelligencer Journal. 1946-04-25. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  30. ^ Shaffer, Ryan (Spring 2010). "Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics". Vol. 21, no. 2. Journal of Long Island History. Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  31. ^ Associated Press, "Former Bund Leader Convicted In Absentia by German Court," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 21 April 1948, Volume LIV, Number 201, page 1.
  32. ^ Ridley, Norman (30 August 2024). Hitler's U.S. Allies: Americans Who Supported the Nazis. Frontline Books. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-0361-1097-0. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  33. ^ Associated Press, "Former Bund Leader Convicted In Absentia by German Court," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 21 April 1948, Volume LIV, Number 201, page 1.
  34. ^ Associated Press, "Kuhn Captured In French Zone," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 18 June 1948, Volume LIV, Number 251, page 3.
  35. ^ Associated Press, "Kuhn Captured In French Zone," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 18 June 1948, Volume LIV, Number 251, page 3.
  36. ^ Associated Press, "Kuhn Captured In French Zone," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 18 June 1948, Volume LIV, Number 251, page 3.
  37. ^ IMDb Biography
  38. ^ Bernstein, Arnie (May 28, 2017). "Walter Winchell, Nazi Fighter". The New York Times Book Review: 6. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
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