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Seven-segment display

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A typical 7-segment LED display component, with decimal point in a wide DIP-10 package

A seven-segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays.

Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, basic calculators, and other electronic devices that display numerical information.[1]

History

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Seven-segment representation of figures can be found in patents as early as 1903 (in U.S. patent 1,126,641), when Carl Kinsley invented a method of telegraphically transmitting letters and numbers and having them printed on tape in a segmented format. In 1908, F. W. Wood invented an 8-segment display, which displayed the number 4 using a diagonal bar (U.S. patent 974,943). In 1910, a seven-segment display illuminated by incandescent bulbs was used on a power-plant boiler room signal panel.[2] They were also used to show the dialed telephone number to operators during the transition from manual to automatic telephone dialing.[3] They did not achieve widespread use until the advent of LEDs in the 1970s.

Filament seven-segment display

Some early seven-segment displays used incandescent filaments in an evacuated bulb; they are also known as numitrons.[4] A variation (minitrons) made use of an evacuated potted box. Minitrons are filament segment displays that are housed in DIP (dual in-line package) packages like modern LED segment displays. They may have up to 16 segments.[5][6][7] There were also segment displays that used small incandescent light bulbs instead of LEDs or incandescent filaments. These worked similarly to modern LED segment displays.[8]

Vacuum fluorescent display versions were also used in the 1970s.[9]

A seven-segment display at a gas station

Many early (c. 1970s) LED seven-segment displays had each digit built on a single die. This made the digits very small. Some included magnifying lenses in the design to try to make the digits more legible.[10][11] Other designs used 1 or 2 dies for every segment of the display.[12][13]

The seven-segment pattern is sometimes used in posters or tags, where the user either applies color to pre-printed segments, or applies color through a seven-segment digit template, to compose figures such as product prices or telephone numbers.

For many applications, dot-matrix liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) have largely superseded LED displays in general, though even in LCDs, seven-segment displays are common. Unlike LEDs, the shapes of elements in an LCD panel are arbitrary since they are formed on the display by photolithography. In contrast, the shapes of LED segments tend to be simple rectangles, because they have to be physically moulded to shape, which makes it difficult to form more complex shapes than the segments of seven-segment displays. However, the easy recognition of seven-segment displays, and the comparatively high visual contrast obtained by such displays relative to dot-matrix digits, makes seven-segment multiple-digit LCD screens very common on basic calculators.

The seven-segment display has inspired type designers to produce typefaces reminiscent of that display (but more legible), such as New Alphabet, "DB LCD Temp", "ION B", etc.

Using a restricted range of letters that look like (upside-down) digits, seven-segment displays are commonly used by school children to form words and phrases using a technique known as "calculator spelling".

Implementations

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A multiplexed 4-digit, seven-segment display with only 12 pins
A 4-digit display scanning by columns to make the number 1.234
Eight small rectangular blobs, which are the digits, connected by fine hair-like wires to tracks along a circuit board
X-Ray of an 8-digit 7-segment multiplexed LED display from a 1970s calculator

Seven-segment displays may use a liquid-crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) for each segment, an electrochromic display, or other light-generating or -controlling techniques such as cold cathode gas discharge (neon) (Panaplex), vacuum fluorescent (VFD), incandescent filaments (Numitron), and others. For gasoline price totems and other large signs, electromechanical seven-segment displays made up of electromagnetically flipped light-reflecting segments are still commonly used. A precursor to the 7-segment display in the 1950s through the 1970s was the cold-cathode, neon-lamp-like nixie tube. Starting in 1970, RCA sold a display device known as the Numitron that used incandescent filaments arranged into a seven-segment display.[14] In USSR, the first electronic calculator "Vega", which was produced from 1964, contains 20 decimal digits with seven-segment electroluminescent display.[15]

In a simple LED package, typically all of the cathodes (negative terminals) or all of the anodes (positive terminals) of the segment LEDs are connected and brought out to a common pin; this is referred to as a "common cathode" or "common anode" device.[16] Hence a 7 segment plus decimal point package will only require nine pins, though commercial products typically contain more pins, and/or spaces where pins would go, in order to match standard IC sockets. Integrated displays also exist, with single or multiple digits. Some of these integrated displays incorporate their own internal decoder, though most do not: each individual LED is brought out to a connecting pin as described.

Multiple-digit LED displays as used in pocket calculators and similar devices used multiplexed displays to reduce the number of I/O pins required to control the display. For example, all the anodes of the A segments of each digit position would be connected together and to a driver circuit pin, while the cathodes of all segments for each digit would be connected. To operate any particular segment of any digit, the controlling integrated circuit would turn on the cathode driver for the selected digit, and the anode drivers for the desired segments; then after a short blanking interval the next digit would be selected and new segments lit, in a sequential fashion. In this manner an eight digit display with seven segments and a decimal point would require only 8 cathode drivers and 8 anode drivers, instead of sixty-four drivers and IC pins.[17] Often in pocket calculators the digit drive lines would be used to scan the keyboard as well, providing further savings; however, pressing multiple keys at once would produce odd results on the multiplexed display.

Although to a naked eye all digits of an LED display appear lit, only one digit is lit at any given time in a multiplexed display. The digit changes at a high enough rate that the human eye cannot see the flashing (on earlier devices it could be visible to peripheral vision).

Characters

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Main article: Seven-segment display character representations
Segment names of a seven-segment display with an eighth Decimal Point segment.

The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle, with two vertical segments on each side and one horizontal segment each at the top, middle, and bottom. Often the rectangle is oblique (slanted), which may aid readability. In most applications, the segments are of nearly uniform shape and size (usually elongated hexagons, though trapezoids and rectangles can also be used); though in the case of adding machines, the vertical segments are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends, to try to make them more easily readable. The seven elements of the display can be lit in different combinations to represent each of the Arabic numerals.

The individual segments are referred to by the letters "a" to "g", and an optional decimal point (an "eighth segment", referred to as DP) is sometimes used for the display of non-integer numbers.[18][16] A single byte can encode the full state of a seven-segment display, including the decimal point. The most popular bit encodings are gfedcba and abcdefg. In the gfedcba representation, a byte value of 0x06 would turn on segments "c" and "b", which would display a "1".

16×8 grid showing the 128 states of a seven-segment display[19]

Decimal

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The numerical digits 0 to 9 are the most common characters displayed on seven-segment displays. The most common patterns used for each of these are:[20]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Alternative patterns: The numeral 1 may be represented with the left segments, the numerals 6 and 9 may be represented without a "tail", and the numeral 7 represented with a 'tail':[21]

1* 6 7 9

In Unicode 13.0, 10 codepoints had been given for segmented digits 0–9 in the Symbols for Legacy Computing block, to replicate early computer fonts that included seven-segment versions of the digits.[22] The official reference shows the less-common four-segment "7".

Hexadecimal

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Four binary bits are needed to address the numbers 0–9, but four bits are enough to address an extra six numbers, addressed 10–15. Usually, decoders with 4-bit inputs can display hexadecimal (hex) digits as well. Today, a combination of uppercase and lowercase characters is commonly used for A–F;[23] this is done to obtain a unique, unambiguous shape for each hexadecimal digit (otherwise, a capital 'D' would be identical to a '0' and the same can be said for capital 'B' and '8').[24][25][26][27] The digit '6' must be displayed with the topmost segment on to avoid ambiguity with 'b'.

A b C d E F

Letters

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Most letters of the Latin alphabet can be reasonably implemented on a seven-segment display. Though not every letter is available, it is possible to create many useful words. By careful choice of words, one can sometimes work around unavailable letters.

Latin alphabet
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Upper А C E F G H I* J* L MM N O P S U WW Z
Lower a* b c d e g* h i# j l n o q r t u y
  Ambiguous with a digit. Upper case I could be put on the left (as lower-case L is shown here) but this is not often done. Lowercase 'b' and 'q' are identical to the alternate numerical digits '6' and '9'.

'M' and 'W' can be reasonably represented only by using two display cells, and provided that the physical spacing between the cells is not large.

Short messages giving status information (e.g. "nospd1SC" on a CD player) are also commonly represented on seven-segment displays. In the case of such messages it is not necessary for every letter to be unambiguous, merely for the words as a whole to be readable.

Examples:

OPEn, CLOSE, PLAY, PAUSE, SHUFFLE, no dISC
StArt, StoP, run, FAIL, Error, SEtUP, HELP
MModE, on, OFF, yES, no, Hot, CoLd

Seven-segment displays have also been used to show letters of the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets:

Cyrillic alphabet
А Б В Г Ґ Д Ђ Е Є Ё Ж З Ѕ И І Ј Ї Й К Л Љ М Н Њ О П Р С Т Ћ У Ў Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я
Upper А Б В Г Е Є З Ѕ І Ј Н О П Р С У Ч ЫЫ Ь Э
Lower г д и і ј й о п с
  Ambiguous with a digit.
Greek alphabet
Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω
Upper Α Β Γ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Υ Ω
Lower δ ι λ μ ο π τ υ
  Ambiguous with a digit.

There are enough patterns to show all the letters but few representations are unambiguous and intuitive at the same time.[28] When all letters need to be displayed on a device, sixteen-segment and dot matrix displays are better choices than seven-segment displays.

Punctuation

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Seven segments are capable of displaying some punctuation glyph characters.

Punctuation encodings
Glyph Display Unicode Meaning
sp 0x0020 Space
_ _ 0x005F Underscore
- - 0x002D Minus, Negative, Hyphen, Dash
‾ ‾ 0x203E Overscore, Macron
= eq 0x003D Equals
= ⁼ 0x207C Superscript equals
≡ ≡ 0x2261 Triple bar, Identical to, Hamburger button
° ° 0x00B0 Degree
" " 0x0022 Double quote, Double prime
' ' 0x0027 Apostrophe, Single quote, Prime
( or [ [ 0x005B Parenthesis, Bracket (conflicts with uppercase C)
) or ] ] 0x005D Parenthesis, Bracket
< < 0x003C Less than
> > 0x003E Greater than
? ? 0x003F Question mark

The decimal point can be used to add a period after a letter.

Decoder ICs

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In the past, some seven-segment decoder ICs did not output the following modern decimal/hexadecimal font.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A b C d E F
  • For "1", the MC14558B displays the number on the left side of the display using segments "e" and "f" instead of the usual "b" and "c".[29]
  • For "7", the TC5022B displays it with additional segment "f".[30]
  • For "6" and "9", the CD4511B, MC14558B, TC5002B, SN74x46/SN74x47/SN74x48/SN74x49 displays both numbers without a "tail", where "x" is the TTL logic family.
  • For "A" to "F":
  • BCD decoder ICs support various seven-segment fonts for their decoded output of "A" (10) to "F" (15) inputs.
  • The 7446/7447/7448/7449[31] and the Siemens FLH551-7448/555-8448 chips used truncated versions of "2", "3", "4", "5" and "6" for digits A–E. Digit F (1111 binary) was blank.[32][33]
  • The TC5002B and TC5022B repeat the numbers 0 to 5 for digits A–F.[30]
  • The MM74C912 displayed "o" for A and B, "−" for C, D, and E, and blank for F.[34] The CD4511B just displayed blanks.[35]
  • Soviet programmable calculators like the Б3–34 used the symbols "−", "L", "C", "Г", "E", and " " (space), allowing the error message EГГ0Г to be displayed.
Manufacturer Part Number Production Description 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F Output Datasheet
TI SN74LS47 Active (TI) BCD Decoder 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 c a v* D t sp Active-Low, OC [31]
TI SN74LS247 Active (TI) BCD Decoder 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 c a v* D t sp Active-Low, OC [36]
Motorola MC14558B Discontinued BCD Decoder 0 1* 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sp sp sp sp sp sp Active-High, PP [29]
Toshiba TC5002B Discontinued BCD Decoder 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 Active-High, OE [30]
Toshiba TC5022B Discontinued BCD Decoder 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 Active-High, OE [30]
RCA
TI 		CD4511B
CD74x4511 		Active (TI) BCD Decoder, Latch 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sp sp sp sp sp sp Active-High, PP [35][37]
RCA
TI 		CD4543B
CD74x4543 		Active (TI) BCD Decoder, Latch 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sp sp sp sp sp sp Active-High
or Low, PP 		[38][39]
National DM9374 Discontinued BCD Decoder, Latch 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - E H L P sp Active Low, CC [40]
National DM9368 Discontinued Hex Decoder, Latch 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A b C d E F Active High, CC [41]
National DM9370 Discontinued Hex Decoder, Latch 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A b C d E F Active Low, OC [42]
Motorola MC14495-1 Discontinued Hex Decoder, Latch 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A b C d E F Active-High, OE [43]
National MM74C912 Discontinued 6-Digit BCD Controller 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o ° ‾ - _ sp Active-High, PP [34]
National MM74C917 Discontinued 6-Digit Hex Controller 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A b C d E F Active-High, PP [34]
RCA CD4026B Active (TI) BCD Counter, Up 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Active-High, PP [44]
RCA CD4033B Active (TI) BCD Counter, Up 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Active-High, PP [44]
RCA CD40110B Active (TI) BCD Counter, Up/Down 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Active-High, PP [45]
Table notes
  • All information in the above table was pulled from references in the datasheet column, except where denoted below.
  • For the "Manufacturer" column, lists the name of the first (original) manufacturer of the part.
  • For the "Part Number" column, the "x" in part numbers means logic family, such as "HC" or "HCT".
  • For the "Production" column, "Active" status from Texas Instruments (TI) website, "Discontinued" status was derived by new parts not being available from major distributors, though new old stock (NOS) may be available from specialized sellers.
  • For the "Output" column, "Active-High" means a high (1) occurs when a segment is on; "Active-Low" means a low (0) occurs when a segment is on; "OC" means open collector (drives low); "OE" means open emitter (drives high); "PP" means push-pull (drives high & low), "CC" means constant current.

See also

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7-, 9-, 14-, and 16-segment displays shown side by side

There are also fourteen- and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumerics); however, these have mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays. 22-segment displays capable of displaying the full ASCII character set[46] were briefly available in the early 1980s but did not prove popular.

References

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  2. ^ Rogers, Warren O. (1910-02-01). "Power Plant Signalling System". Power and the Engineer. 32 (5): 204–206. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
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  15. ^ "Museum of Soviet Calculators - VEGA". 2010-09-29. Archived from the original on 2010-09-29.
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  17. ^ e.g. DCR 1050m Archived 31 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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  21. ^ For example the fx-50F calculator from Casio and other models from the same manufacturer.
  22. ^ Official Unicode Consortium code chart Archived 2020-06-05 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
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  30. ^ a b c d "TC5002B / TC5022B Datasheet from C2MOS Databook". Toshiba. 1985.
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  33. ^ Datenblatt FLH551-7448, FLH555-8448, 74248 (in German). Siemens.
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  40. ^ "DM9374 Datasheet from LS/S/TTL Logic Databook". National Semiconductor. 1989.
  41. ^ "DM9368 Datasheet from LS/S/TTL Logic Databook". National Semiconductor. 1989.
  42. ^ "DM9370 Datasheet from LS/S/TTL Logic Databook". National Semiconductor. 1989.
  43. ^ "MC14495-1 Datasheet from CMOS / NMOS Special Functions Databook". Motorola. 1988.
  44. ^ a b "CD4026B / CD4033B Datasheet". Texas Instruments. December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-01.
  45. ^ "CD40110B Datasheet". Texas Instruments. March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-01.
  46. ^ "DL-3422 4-digit 22-segment alphanumeric Intelligent Display preliminary data sheet". Internet Archive. Litronix 1982 Optoelectronics Catalog. p. 82. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
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