From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This list includes European countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire , or that were given Latin place names in historical references . As a large portion of the latter were only created during the Middle Ages , often based on scholarly etiology , this is not to be confused with a list of the actual names modern regions and settlements bore during the classical era .
Until the Modern Era , Latin was the common language for scholarship and mapmaking . During the 19th and 20th centuries, German scholars in particular have made significant contributions to the study of historical place names, or Ortsnamenkunde . These studies have, in turn, contributed to the study of genealogy . For genealogists and historians of pre-Modern Europe, knowing alternate names of places is vital to extracting information from both public and private records. Even specialists in this field point out, however, that the information can be easily taken out of context, since there is a great deal of repetition of place names throughout Europe; reliance purely on apparent connections should therefore be tempered with valid historical methodology.
Latin place names are not always exclusive to one place — for example, there were several Roman cities whose names began with Colonia and then a more descriptive term. During the Middle Ages , these were often shortened to just Colonia . One of these, Colonia Agrippinensis , retains the name today in the form of Cologne .
Early sources for Roman names show numerous variants and spellings of the Latin names.
The modern canonical name is listed first. Sources are listed chronologically. In general, only the earliest source is shown for each name, although many of the names are recorded in more than one of the sources. Where the source differs in spelling, or has other alternatives, these are listed following the source. As an aid to searching, variants are spelled completely, and listed in most likely chronology.
Superscripts indicate:
Latinized form of the Greek-derived name.
Latinized form of the Asian-derived name via Greek.
Altered Latinized form of the Greek-derived name. Cities and towns in Austria [ edit ] Cities and towns in Belgium [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Aldenarda [1]
Oudenaarde (nl ), Audenarde (fr )
Alostum [2]
Aalst (nl ), Alost (fr )
Anderlacum
Anderlecht
Antverpia
Antwerp , Antwerpen (nl ), Anvers (fr )
Atuatuca Tungrorum
Tongeren (nl ), Tongres (fr )
Brugae
Bruges (fr ), Brugge (nl )
Bruxella, Bruxellae
Brussels , Brussel (nl ), Bruxelles (fr )
Cortoriacum, Cortracum [3]
Kortrijk (nl ), Courtrai (fr )
Damma, Dammum
Damme (nl )
Furna [4]
Veurne (nl )
Gandavum [5]
Ghent , Gent (nl ), Gand (fr )
Leodium
Liège (fr ), Luik (nl ), Lüttich (de )
Lovanium
Leuven (nl ), Louvain (fr )
Orolaunum
Arlon (fr ), Aarlen (nl )
Rothnacum
Ronse (nl ), Renaix (fr )
Tamasiacum, Tamisiacum, Temsica
Temse (nl ), Tamise (fr )
Teneramonda [6]
Dendermonde (nl )
Tornacum
Tournai (fr ), Doornik (nl )
Viroviacum, Virovino
Wervik (nl ), Wervicq (fr )
Cities and towns in Denmark [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Arus, Arhus
Århus
Fredericia
Fredericia
Hafnia
Copenhagen (København)
Othonia
Odense
Sora
Sorø
Wellea
Vejle
Wibergis
Viborg
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Arx Aquilae
Kuressaare
Pernavia, (Nova) Perona
Pärnu
Revalia
Tallinn
Tarbatum, Tharbata
Tartu
Cities and towns in Finland [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Aboa
Turku – (Åbo)
Arctopolis
Pori – (Björneborg)
Arx Savonum
Savonlinna – (Nyslott)
Arx Tavastiae, Tavasteburgum
Hämeenlinna – (Tavastehus)
Borgoa
Porvoo – (Borgå)
Brahestadium
Raahe – (Brahestad)
Cajaneburgum
Kajaani – (Kajana)
Carolina Vetus
Kokkola – (Karleby, Gamlakarleby)
Christinea
Kristinestad – (Kristiinankaupunki)
Espo
Espoo – (Esbo)
Fredericia
Hamina – (Fredrikshamn)
Granivicus
Jyväskylä
Helsinkium, Helsingia
Helsinki – (Helsingfors)
Michaelia
Mikkeli – (S:t Michel)
Neo-Carolina
Nykarleby – (Uusikaarlepyy)
Neostadium
Uusikaupunki – (Nystad)
Ostia Carelorum
Joensuu
Portus Mariae
Mariehamn – (Maarianhamina)
Raumoa
Rauma – (Raumo)
Sala
Salo
Tammerforsia
Tampere – (Tammerfors)
Tornea
Tornio – (Torneå)
Uloa
Oulu – (Uleåborg)
Vallis Gratiae
Naantali – (Nådendal)
Vantania
Vantaa – (Vanda)
Vasa
Vaasa – (Vasa)
Cities and towns in France [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Adiacium
Ajaccio
Alberti campus
Champaubert
Andematunnum, Lugdunum , Lingones
Langres
Aquae Sextiae
Aix-en-Provence
Antissiodorum, Autesiodorum
Auxerre
Arelate, Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum
Arles – (Arle)
Argentoratum Strasbourg
Arpajonum, Arpajoni castrum, Arpacona
Arpajon , Paris
Atrebatum
Arras , Pas-de-Calais
Augusta Argentorate
Strasbourg
Augustobona Tricassium, Tricassae
Troyes
Augustodurum, Bajocae, Bajocassium civitas
Bayeux
Augustodunum
Autun
Aurelianum
Orléans
Autricum, civitas Carnutum, Carnutes
Chartres
Avenio
Avignon
Belna
Beaune
Brestum, Brestia, Brivates Portis
Brest
Briva Isara
Pontoise
Burdigala
Bordeaux
Catalaunum, Catelaunorum
Châlons-sur-Marne
Catculliacum
Saint-Denis , Paris
Condate Riedonum
Rennes
Crisenaria
Cressy
Cularo Grenoble
Damovilla
Damville
Darioritum
Vannes
Dinia, Diniensium civitas
Digne-les-Bains , Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Divio
Dijon
Divodurum
Metz
Durocortorum
Reims
Flavia (GOL: Flaviacum)
Saint-Germer-de-Fly , Oise
Flaviniacum (GOL: Flaviacum)
Flavigny-sur-Ozerain , Côte-d'Or
Gesoriacum, Bononia
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Glanum
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence , Bouches-du-Rhône
Lemonum, civitas Pictonum, Pictones
Poitiers
Lugdunum , Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta LugdunumLyon
Lugdunum Clavatum Laon
Lugdunum Convenarum Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges
Lutetia
Paris
Massilia
Marseille
Medicinum
Mézin , Lot-et-Garonne
Mediolanum Aulercorum Évreux
Mediolanum Santonum Saintes
Narbo Martius
Narbonne , Aude
Nemausus
Nîmes
Nicaea, Nicia
Nice
Noviodunum
Soissons
Noviomagus Lexoviorum (GOL: Lexovium)Lisieux , Calvados
Noviomagus Veromanduorum (GOL: Noviomium, Noviomense palatium, Noviomum, Novionum)Noyon , Oise
Novio Rito (GOL: Niortum, Novirogus, Nyrax)
Niort , Deux-Sèvres
Portus Namnetum
Nantes
Ramboletium
Rambouillet
Rotomagus
Rouen
Samarobriva
Amiens
Sancti Audoeni fanum, villa aut domus
Saint-Ouen , Paris
Spinetum, Spinogelum, Spinoilum, Espinolum
Épinay-sur-Orge , Paris
Tolosa
Toulouse
Tullum Leucorum
Toul
Caesarodunum, Augusta Turonum, Metropolis civitas Turonum, Turonica civitas, Turones, T(h)oronus
Tours
Tutelae
Tulle
Verodunum
Verdun – Wirten
Vesontio
Besançon
Vienna Allobrogium
Vienne, Isère
Viennavicus
Vienne-en-Val , Loiret
Vierium
Vihiers , Maine-et-Loire
Cities and towns in Germany [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Aquae Mattiacorum, Aquae Mattiacae
Wiesbaden , Hessen
(Colonia Claudia) Ara Agrippinensium
Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia
Aqua Villae
Badenweiler
Aquisgrana, Aquis Granum, Aquae Grani, Aquensis urbs, Granis aquae
Aachen , Aix-la-Chapelle (fr ), North Rhine-Westphalia
Antunnacum
Andernach , Rhineland-Palatinate
Arae Flaviae
Rottweil
Asopus
Aspe
Assindia
Essen , North Rhine-Westphalia
Augusta Vindelicorum
Augsburg
Augusta Treverorum
Trier
Aurelia Aquensis
Baden-Baden
Badena civitas
Baden
Batavis, Castra Batavorum, Castra Batava
Passau
Berolinum
Berlin
Bonna
Bonn , North Rhine-Westphalia
Borbetomagus, Wormatia
Worms
Brema
Bremen
Brunsvicum
Braunschweig – (Brunswick)
Cambodunum
Kempten , Bavaria
Castra Regina, Ratisbona
Regensburg
Castrum Novaesium
Neuss , North Rhine-Westphalia
Chemnitium, Chemnicium
Chemnitz
Cignavia, Cignea, Cygnea, Cynavia
Zwickau
Clivia
Kleve , North Rhine-Westphalia
Colonia Agrippina, Colonia Agrippinensis
Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia
Colonia Ulpia Traiana, Vetera
Xanten , North Rhine-Westphalia
(Castellum apud) Confluentes
Koblenz
Constantia
Konstanz – (Constance)
Cruciniacum
Bad Kreuznach , Rhineland-Palatinate
Dispargum
Duisburg
Dresda
Dresden
Emetha, Amuthon, Embda, Emda, Embden
Emden , East Frisia
Erfordia, Erphesfurt
Erfurt , Thuringia
Esilinga, Ezelinga, Ezzilinga
Eßlingen
Francofortum ad Moenum
Frankfurt am Main
Friburgum Brisgoviae
Freiburg im Breisgau
Goettinga
Göttingen
Gorlicium
Görlitz , Saxony
Goslaria
Goslar , Lower Saxony
Hale Suevice
Schwäbisch Hall – Hall in Schwaben, Baden-Württemberg
Hamburgum, Hammonia
Hamburg
Hanovera
Hanover – (Hanover)
Herbipolis
Würzburg
Hildanus
Hilden
Iuliacum
Jülich , North Rhine-Westphalia
Lauriacum
Lorch
Lindaugia, Lindavia
Lindau
Lipsia
Leipzig
Locoritum
Lohr , Bavaria
Lubica (GOL: Lubicana, Lubeca, Lubecum, Lubacovia, Lybichi)
Lübeck , Schleswig-Holstein
Magdeburgum
Magdeburg
Megalopolis
Mecklenburg
Misnia (GOL: Misnensis marchia)
Meissen , Saxony
Moguncia, Moguntia, Moguntiacum, Mogontiacum
Mainz
Monachium, Monacum
Munich (München)
Monasterium in Eifel
Bad Münstereifel
Monasterium Westphaliae
Münster
Norimberga
Nuremberg (Nürnberg)
Northusia
Nordhausen
Novaesium, Novensium
Neuss , North Rhine-Westphalia
Noviomagus Nemetum (GOL: Augusta Nemetum, Nemetis, Nemodona, Spira, Spiratia, Sphira, Spyrea)Speyer , Rhineland-Palatinate
Noviomagus Trevirorum (NLU; GOL: Augusta Trevirorum, Treviris, Treberis)Neumagen-Dhron near Trier
Patavia, Castra Batava
Passau
Ratisbona, Radaspona
Regensburg , Bavaria
Rigomagus
Remagen , North Rhine-Westphalia
Rostochium (Rhodopolis)
Rostock
Sumelocenna
Rottenburg am Neckar
Stutgardia, Stuogardia
Stuttgart
Tremonia
Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia
Tubinga
Tübingen
Tulpiacum, Tolbiacum
Zülpich , Tolbiac (fr ), North Rhine-Westphalia
Vetera, Colonia Ulpia Traiana
Xanten
Cities and towns in Hungary [ edit ] Cities and towns in Ireland [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Ardachad
Ardagh, County Longford (Ardach)
Ardmachanus
Armagh (Ard Mhacha)[ 1]
Attar
Adare (Áth Dara)[ 2]
Baltifordia
Waterford (Port Láirge)[ 3]
Campulus Bovis
Aghaboe (Achadh Bhó)[ 3]
Canic
Kilkenny (Cill Chainnigh)[ 3]
Carlovia
Carlow (Ceatharlach)[ 4] [ 5]
Cellumabrath
Kilfenora (Cill Fhionnúrach)[ 6]
Corcagia (Anuario Pontificio), Coracium
Cork (Corcaigh)
Dublinum, Dublanensis, Dublenensis, Dublina, Dublinensis, Dublinia, Dubliniensis, Dublinium, Duvelinensis, Eblanda, Erlana (2PG1;[ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10]
Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath)
Galvia
Galway (Gaillimh)
Hanahannassa
Ballyhaunis (Béal Átha hAmhnais)[ 11] [ 12] [ 13]
Lagisia (Annals of Tigernach )
County Laois (Loígis )[ 14]
Manutium
Maynooth (Maigh Nuad)[ 15]
Nas (Castrum Nasense)
Naas (Nás na Ríogh)[ 16]
Ruscomia
Roscommon (Ros Comáin)[ 17]
Saltus Salmonis
Leixlip (Léim an Bhradáin)[ 18]
Sanctum Nemus (Red Book of Ormond )
Hollywood, County Wicklow (Cillín Chaoimhín)[ 19] [ 20] [ 21]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Rugensis civitas
Riga
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Grigoriopolis
Grigoriopol
Tiraspolis
Tiraspol
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Monaecum (GOL: Monoecum, Portus Herculis Monoeci)
Monaco
Cities and towns in the Netherlands [ edit ] Cities and towns in Norway [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Asloa
Oslo
Berga
Bergen
Cities and towns in Poland [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Aurimontium, Aureus Mons, Auri Mons
Złotoryja
Bethania, Bithomia
Bytom
Bilici-Biala, Bielici-Biala
Bielsko-Biała
Bydgostia
Bydgoszcz
Calisia
Kalisz
Cervimontium, Mons Cervi (adj. cervimontanus, hirschbergensis)
Jelenia Góra
Cracovia
Kraków
Culmen
Chełmno
Elbinga, Elbingus, Elbinca, Elbangum, Elbingense castrum
Elbląg
Gedania, Gedanum, Dantiscum
Gdańsk
Glivitium
Gliwice
Ostrovia
Ostrów Wielkopolski
Posnania, Poznania
Poznań
Resovia
Rzeszów
Sandomir
Sandomierz
Siradia
Sieradz
Stargardia
Stargard
Sedinum, (Stettinum)
Szczecin
Thorunium
Toruń
Varsovia, Varsavia
Warsaw (Warszawa)
Vratislavia, Wratislavia
Wrocław
Cities and towns in Russia [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Archangelopolis (GOL: S. Michaeli Archangeli fanum, Michaelopolis)
Archangelsk
Asovia (GOL: Assovium; HLU: Tanais)
Azov
Astrachanum
Astrachan
Belogradum
Belgorod
Caluga (HLU: Coluga)
Kaluga
Casanum (GOL: Kazanum)
Kazan
Catharinoburgum[ 22]
Ekaterinburg
Columna
Kolomna
Demitriovia
Dmitrov
Iaroslavia (GOL: Jereslavia)
Yaroslavl
Iuliania
Ulyanovsk
Moscua, Mosqua, Moscovia [7] (HLU: Moscha)
Moscow
Novogardia Inferior
Nizhny Novgorod
Novogardia Magna
Veliky Novgorod
Orenburgum [8]
Orenburg
Permia
Perm
Petropolis, Petroburgum (GOL: St. Petri fanum)
Saint Petersburg
Pscovia, Plescovia
Pskov
Regiomontium (GOL: Regiomontum, Regalis, Regius)
Kaliningrad – Königsberg
Resania [9] (GOL: Rhezania; HLU: Rezana)
Ryazan
Rostovia
Rostov
Saratovia (HLU: Soratovia)
Saratov
Smolenscum (GOL: Smolska)
Smolensk
Stauropolis
Stavropol
Susdalia (HLU: Susdala)
Suzdal
Toropetia
Toropets
Tueria (GOL: Tuera, Twera)
Tver
Ustiuga
Veliky Ustyug
Volodimiria
Vladimir
Vologda (HLU: Volochda)
Vologda
Viatcia, Venetica
Kirov – Vyatka
Viburga, Viburgum, Viburgum Careliorum (GOL: Viburgus)
Vyborg
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Cassovia
Košice
Castrum Novum
Nové Zámky
Bartfa
Bardejov
Forum Dominarum
Bátovce
Semnichia
Banská Štiavnica
Celemantia
Iža (Izsa)
Cismarcinum, Forum Caseorum
Kežmarok
Comaromium
Komárno
Crempnichia
Kremnica
Leuchovia
Levoča
Prividia
Prievidza
Iglovia, Nova Villa
Spišská Nová Ves
Suburbium, Villa Sub Castro
Spišské Vlachy
Lublovia
Stará Ľubovňa
Divinium
Devín
Villa Theutonicalis
Poprad
Eperiessinum, Fragopolis
Prešov
Gerulata
Rusovce , Bratislava
Laugaricio
Trenčín
Tyrnavia
Trnava
Neosolium
Banská Bystrica
Posonium, Wratisslaburgium[citation needed
Bratislava
Veterosolium, Vetusolium, Solium
Zvolen
Cities and towns in Slovenia [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Iustinopolis, Caput Histriae
Koper
Labacum, Aemona
Ljubljana
Marburgum
Maribor
Mons Carniolae
Kranjska Gora
Nova Urbs
Novo Mesto
Poetovium
Ptuj
Cities and towns in Sweden [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Amalia
Åmål
Arosia
Västerås
Boërosia
Borås
Calmaria
Kalmar
Caroli Corona
Karlskrona
Christinae portus
Kristinehamn
Christiania
Kristianstad
Cimbrorum portus
Simrishamn
Clara Vallis
Ljusdal
Copinga
Köping
Coronia
Landskrona
Dalecarlius
Dalälven
Delisboa
Delsbo
Eckesioea, Ecksium
Eksjö
Encopia
Enköping
Falcopia
Falköping
Gevalia
Gävle
Gothia
Gothenburg (Göteborg)
Halmostadium
Halmstad
Hiovia
Hjo
Holmia, Stockholmia
Stockholm
Hudvicovaldum
Hudiksvall
Iuncopia
Jönköping
Lagaholmia
Laholm (older Swedish name: Lagaholm)
Lidcopia
Lidköping
Lincopia
Linköping
Lindesberga, Linda
Lindesberg
Lula
Luleå
Lunda
Lund
Malmögia
Malmö
Medicorum villa
Medevibrunn
Nicopia
Nyköping
Norcopia
Norrköping
Örebrogia
Örebro
Øresundae
Öresund
Pax Mariae
Mariefred
Pitovia
Piteå
Schedina
Skövde
Stenbrovium
Stenbro
Stocholmia, Holmia
Stockholm
Sudercopia
Söderköping
Telga
Södertälje (older Swedish name: Tälje)
Upsala
Uppsala
Uraniburgum
Uranienborg
Urbs Mariae
Mariestad
Vadstenium
Vadstena
Vemmaria, Wemmaria
Vimmerby
Vexionia
Växjö
Visbia
Visby
Visingsburgum, Wisingsburgum
Visingsborg
Ystadium, Istadium, Ustadium
Ystad
Cities and towns in Switzerland [ edit ] Cities and towns in Ukraine [ edit ]
Canonical Latin name (source(s): variant(s))
English name (native language(s)) – older name(s), (other language(s)), location(s)
Alexandria
Oleksandriia
Alustum, Lusta
Alushta
Bialoquerca
Bila Tserkva
Calamita
Inkerman
Caulita
Yalta
Charcovia, Charkovia
Kharkiv
Chiovia, Kiovia
Kyiv
Chersonium
Kherson
Chersonesus Nordica
Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi
Czernihovia
Chernihiv
Eupatoria
Yevpatoria
Leopolis
Lviv
Marinopolis
Mariiampil
Mariupolis
Mariupol
Melitopolis
Melitopol
Novogardia Severiae
Novhorod-Siverskyi
Ovidiopolis
Ovidiopol
Panticapaeum, Cimmericum, Bosporus Cimmericum
Kerch
Pereaslavia
Pereiaslav
Sebastopolis, Chersonesus Taurica
Sevastopol
Solcata
Stary Krym
Sugdaia
Sudak
Symbolum Portus
Balaklava
Sympheropolis, Neapolis Scythica
Simferopol
Ternopolis
Ternopil
Theodoros, Doros
Mangup
Theodosia, Caffa
Feodosia
Theophania
Feofaniia
^ "Miraculum Hyberniae sine miraculo, alter Domini praecursor, S. Patricius archiepiscopus ardmachanus consueto panegyrico honoratus ..." Helm. 17 June 2018 – via Google Books.^ Caroline Wyndham- Quin (countess of Dunraven.) (18 June 1865). "Memorials of Adare manor. With historical notices of Adare, by the earl of Dunraven E.R.W. WyndhamQuin" – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records ISBN 9780806302362 ^ "Turtle Bunbury – Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland" . www.turtlebunbury.com . 2 November 2021.^ Suibhne, Peadar Mac (18 June 1976). "Carlovia 1-3" . [The author],] – via Google Books. ^ Bingham, Joseph (17 June 2018). "Origines Ecclesiasticæ: The Antiquities of the Christian Church. With Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution" . H.G. Bohn – via Google Books. ^ 2PG1 : Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Geographia Greek , so names are transliterated back into Latin to reveal the original form^ HLU : Hofmann, Johann Jacob (1635–1706): Lexicon Universale ^ '?' probably historical mistake
^ GOL : The standard reference to Latin placenames, with their modern equivalents, is Dr. J. G. Th. Grässe , Orbis Latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit ^ "The Name, Ballyhaunis Co. Mayo, in the West of Ireland – mayo-ireland.ie" .^ http://www.annaghmag.ie/files/Download/Annagh%201983.pdf [bare URL PDF ^ "The Irish Ecclesiastical Record" . Browne and Nolan. 18 June 2018 – via Google Books.^ "Publications" . 1847.^ "Catalogus librorum impressorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae in Academia Oxoniensi" . E Typographeo Academico. 17 June 2018 – via Google Books.^ Dimock, James Francis (1867). "Topographia hibernica et expugnatio hibernica" . ^ The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records ISBN 9780806302362 ^ "Leixlip – Irish Place Names" . www.libraryireland.com .^ "From A to W – The Placenames of Co. Wicklow – Places – County Wicklow Heritage" . www.countywicklowheritage.org .^ "Hollywood, County Wicklow and Hollywood, California – Wicklow County Tourism" . visitwicklow.ie . 25 February 2015.^ Butler, John (1 December 2016). "The birthplace of Johannes de Sacrobosco" . Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland . JRSAI Vol. 144-145 (2014–15): 77-86 – via ResearchGate. ^ Lexicum nominum geographicorum latinorum Archived 2012-07-14 at archive.today
In order of likely publication:
PNH : Pliny (Gaius Plinius Secundus), Naturalis Historia PG : Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Geographia Greek , so names are transliterated back into Latin to reveal the original form.HLU : Hofmann, Johann Jacob (1635–1706): Lexicon Universale GOL : The standard reference to Latin placenames, with their modern equivalents, is Dr. J. G. Th. Grässe , Orbis Latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit
Place names City names State, county and Double place names Indigenous origin By language of origin
