Thermoception

In physiology, thermoception or thermoreception is the sensation and perception of temperature, or more accurately, temperature differences inferred from heat flux. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal in order to trigger an appropriate defense response.

Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types. The details of how temperature receptors work are still being investigated. Ciliopathy is associated with decreased ability to sense heat; thus cilia may aid in the process.^[1] Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels)^[a] are believed to play a role in many species in sensation of hot, cold, and pain. Vertebrates have at least two types of sensor: those that detect heat and those that detect cold.^[4]

In animals

In snakes

A particularly specialized form of thermoception is used by Crotalinae (pit viper) and Boidae (boa) snakes, which can effectively see the infrared radiation emitted by hot objects.^[5] The snakes' face has a pair of holes, or pits, lined with temperature sensors. The sensors indirectly detect infrared radiation by its heating effect on the skin inside the pit. They can work out which part of the pit is hottest, and therefore the direction of the heat source, which could be a warm-blooded prey animal. By combining information from both pits, the snake can also estimate the distance of the object.

In bats and other mammals

The Common vampire bat has specialized infrared sensors in its nose-leaf.^[6]^[7] Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. The infrared sense enables Desmodus to localize homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals (cattle, horses, wild mammals) within a range of about 10 to 15 cm. This infrared perception is possibly used in detecting regions of maximal blood flow on targeted prey.

Dogs, like vampire bats, can detect weak thermal radiation with their rhinaria (noses).^[8]

In insects

Other animals with specialized heat detectors are forest fire seeking beetles (Melanophila acuminata), which lay their eggs in conifers freshly killed by forest fires. Darkly pigmented butterflies Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus use specialized heat detectors to avoid damage while basking. The blood sucking bugs Triatoma infestans may also have a specialised thermoception organ.

In humans

In humans, temperature sensation from thermoreceptors^[a] enters the spinal cord along the axons of Lissauer's tract that synapse on second order neurons in grey matter of the dorsal horn. The axons of these second order neurons then decussate, joining the spinothalamic tract as they ascend to neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. A study in 2017 shows that the thermosensory information passes to the lateral parabrachial nucleus rather than to the thalamus and this drives thermoregulatory behaviour.^[9]^[10]

Nobel Prize 2021

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2021 was attributed to David Julius (professor at the University of California, San Francisco, USA) and Ardem Patapoutian (neuroscience professor at Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, USA) "for their discovery of receptors for temperature and touch".^[2]^[3]

Notes

^ ^a ^b The TRPV1 and TRPM8 receptors play key roles in the perception of heat and cold.^[2]^[3]

References

^ "Can You Feel The Heat? Your Cilia Can". 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
^ ^a ^b "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021: David Julius, and Ardem Patapoutian". The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. 4 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ Johnson JI (2008). "6.16 Specialized Somatosensory Systems, 6.16.2 Thermal Sensory Systems". In Kaas JH, Gardner EP (eds.). The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference. Vol. 6: Somatosensation. Elsevier. pp. 332–335.
^ Newman EA, Hartline PH (March 1982). "The infrared "vision" of snakes". Scientific American. 246 (3): 116–127. Bibcode:1982SciAm.246c.116N. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0382-116. JSTOR 24966551.
^ Kürten L, Schmidt U, Schäfer K (June 1984). "Warm and cold receptors in the nose of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus". Die Naturwissenschaften. 71 (6): 327–328. Bibcode:1984NW.....71..327K. doi:10.1007/BF00396621. PMID 6472483.
^ Gracheva EO, Cordero-Morales JF, González-Carcacía JA, Ingolia NT, Manno C, Aranguren CI, et al. (August 2011). "Ganglion-specific splicing of TRPV1 underlies infrared sensation in vampire bats". Nature. 476 (7358): 88–91. doi:10.1038/nature10245. PMC 3535012. PMID 21814281.
^ Bálint A, Andics A, Gácsi M, Gábor A, Czeibert K, Luce CM, et al. (February 2020). "Dogs can sense weak thermal radiation". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 3736. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.3736B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60439-y. PMC 7048925. PMID 32111902.
^ Nakamura K (2018). "[Thermoregulatory behavior and its central circuit mechanism-What thermosensory pathway drives it?]". Clinical Calcium. 28 (1): 65–72. PMID 29279428.
^ Yahiro T, Kataoka N, Nakamura Y, Nakamura K (July 2017). "The lateral parabrachial nucleus, but not the thalamus, mediates thermosensory pathways for behavioural thermoregulation". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5031. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5031Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05327-8. PMC 5503995. PMID 28694517.