Jump to content

List of largest European cities in history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from History of Europe/Towns)

Over the centuries, cities in Europe have changed a great deal, rising and falling in size and influence. These tables give an idea of estimated population at various dates from the earliest times to the most recent:

Timeline: Neolithic–Bronze Age–Iron Age–ancient Greece–Roman Republic (7000–1 B.C.)

[edit]
City 7000 6500 – 6000 5000 4000 3800 3000 – 2500 2000 1600 1300 1000 700 600 500 – 400 300 200 100 – 1
Athens 10,000 – 15,000 2,500 – 5,000 5,000 – 10,000 70,000 – 100,000 – 130,000 150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000 120,000 – 200,000 – 300,000 – 431,000 100,000 – 200,000 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Argos 600 – 1,200 5,000 – 10,000 30,000 – 60,000 [3][14][22][23][24][25]
Aegina 20,000 – 40,000 [26]
Akrotiri 8,000 – 15,000 – 30,000 [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Agrigento 200,000 – 800,000 [36][37][38][39][40]
Avaricum 40,000[41]
Bibracte 30,000[42]
Cerveteri 25,000 – 40,000 [43][44][45][46][47]
Capua 100,000 300,000 100,000 [48][49][50][51][52][53]
Choirokoitia 300 – 600 2,000 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
Corinth 5,000[61] 50,000 – 90,000 – 100,000 [62][63][64]
Crotone 50,000 – 80,000 [65]
Dobrovody 10,000 – 16,000 [66][67]
Dimini 300 [68]
Durrington Walls 4,000 [69][70][71]
Fedorivka 6,000 [67]
Gournia 4,000 [72][73]
Heuneburg 10,000 [74][75][76][77]
Ischia 5,000 – 10,000 [78][79][80]
Knossos 100 1,000 1,300 – 2,000 18,000 20,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 30,000 5,000 – 10,000 [3][14][27][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]
Lepenski Vir 150 – 1,000 [88][89][90][91][92][93]
Mycenae 20,000[94] 30,000 – 35,000 [87][95]
Manika (Greece) 6000 – 15,000 [96][97][98][99][100][101]
Malia 700 – 1,000 5,000 – 10,000 – 12.500 [27]
Maidanetske 10,000 – 29,000 – 46,000 [66][102][103]
Nea Nikomedeia 500 – 700 [104]
Okolište 1000 – 3000 [102]
Palaikastro 18,000 [27][105]
Populonia 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Tarquinia 20,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Vinča-Belo Brdo 2000 – 2500 [108][109]
Veii 25,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 [45][46][106][107][110][111][112]
Volsinii 13,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Vulci 15,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Sesklo 300 1000 – 5000 [113][114][115][116][117]
Sparta 40,000 – 50,000 [2][118]
Syracuse, Sicily 200,000 – 800,000 – 1,200,000 200,000 – 400,000 [40][119][120][121][122][123][124][125]
Sybaris 100,000 – 300,000 [126][65][127][128][129][130]
Solnitsata 350 [131][132]
Tiryns 1,200 – 1,800 10,000 15,000 [133][134][62]
Nebelivka 17,000 [67]
Taranto 100,000 – 300,000 [53][135][136]
Talianky 15,000 – 30,000 [67][137][138][139]
Thebes, Greece 4,000 – 6,000 8,000 30,000 – 60,000 [140]

[141][142][143][144]

Los Millares 1,000 – 2,300 [145][146][147]
Pavlopetri 500 2,000 [148][149]
Rome 3,145 – 7,400 24,240 – 60,600 80,000 130,000 250,000 – 300,000 350,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 [53][150][151][152][153]

[154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161]

Rhodes 100,000 – 200,000 100,000 [20][21][162]

Timeline: Roman Empire–modern age (1–1800 A.D.)

[edit]
City 1 – 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Agrigento 50,000 [163]
Athens 30,000 – 90,000 110,000 25,000 35,000 – 50,000 40,000 [164][165][166][167]
Aquileia 12,000 – 100,000 100,000 [168][169][170]
Augsburg 25,000 – 50,000 25,000 – 50,000 12,000 50,000 30,000 – 50,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 26,000 28,000 – 32,000 [171][172][173][174][175][176][177]
Amalfi 80,000 [178]
Antwerp 5,000 20,000 100,000 – 200,000 46,000 – 90,000 75,000 [179][180][181][182][183]
Arles 75,000 – 100,000 [184][185][186]
Autun 40,000 – 100,000 [187][188][189]
Amsterdam 30,000 65,000 – 100,000 – 175,000 175,000 – 200,000 – 210,000 195,000 – 201,000 [182][190][191][192]
Barcelona 50,000 60,000 – 70,000 100,000 [192][193][194][195]
Bruges 50,000 125,000 – 200,000 [196][197]
Bucharest 60,000 50,000 [198]
Brussels 30,000 100,000 100,000 70,000 [181][191][199]
Bordeaux 15,000 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 100,000 [200][201][202][166][170]
Berlin 6,000 12,000 20,000 172,000 [191][203]
Bologna 35,000 50,000 – 70,000 [166][204][205]
Bolgar 25,000 – 30,000 50,000 [198]
Capua 30,000 [170]
Carnuntum 12,000 – 50,000 50,000 50,000 [206][207][208]
Cádiz 100,000 87,000 [189][209]
Corinth 100,000 – 200,000 – 700,000 45,000 + in 856 AD.[210] [62][211][212][213][214]
Constantinople 12,000 400,000 400,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 250,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 500,000 300,000 400,000 70,000 100,000 400,000 – 660,000 700,000 300,000 – 700,000 400,000 – 570,000 [215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][166][167]
Córdoba 45,000 350,000 60,000 [189][204][225]
Cologne 40,000 40,000 15,000 – 20,000 21,000 20,000 21,000 – 50,000 50,000 – 60,000 50,000 – 60,000 40,000 45,000 40,000 50,000 [205][226][227][228][229][230]
Danzig 30,000 60,000 – 80,000 [171][231]
Dublin 1,000 – 2,000 4,000 – 5,000 10,000 20,000 75,000 200,000 [232][233][234][235]
Edirne (Adrianople) 10,000 28,000 125,000 160,000 – 183,000 93,000 100,000 [198]
Feodosia 40,000 85,000 – 88,000 50,000 40,000 36,000 – 44,000 [198]
Florence 15,000 50,000 – 60,000 80,000 – 120,000 70,000 70,000 [236][182][205][226][237][238]
Gela 30,000 [163]
Genoa 80,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 [236][182][205][239][240][241]
Ghent 5,000 10,000 60,000 – 80,000 70,000 – 80,000 80,000 – 150,000 – 175,000 – 200,000 [180][196][242][243][244][245][246][247][193]
Gortyna 22,500 [248]
Granada 26,000 150,000 100,000 70,000 [249][250][200]
Hamburg 8,000 15,000 – 20,000 40,000 – 60,000 – 100,000 63,000 – 75,000 117,000 – 130,000 [171][173][177][231][191][251]
Kyiv 10,000 18,000 [252][253]
Lisbon 35,000 50,000 – 60,000 60,000 – 70,000 – 120,000 120,000 – 140,000 200,000 237,000 [209][254][255][256]
London 30,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 10,000 – 12,000 20,000 – 25,000 10,000 – 20,000 20,000 – 25,000 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 120,000 225,000 – 410,000 550,000 – 700,000 861,000 – 1,000,000 [224][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264]
Lugdunum (Lyon) 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 12,000 20,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 100,000 150,000 [231][265][205][266][267][268][269][270]
Leuven 45,000 [271]
Lublin 40,000 – 70,000 [198]
Lübeck 6,000 24,000 30,000 – 37,000 32,000 24,000 [198]
Madrid 60,000 105,000 182,000 [231][191][251]
Magdeburg 30,000 40,000 – 45,000 [171][230]
Marseille 15,000 80,000 – 100,000 80,000 83,000 – 100,000 [231][191][192][251][166][170]
Mainz 15,000 20,000 30,000 25,000 24,000 20,000 20,000 – 42,000 [272][166][170]
Messina 100,000 [190][251][273]
Milan 30,000 – 40,000 40,000 100,000 90,000 200,000 125,000 100,000 180,000 113,000 122,000 – 250,000 [50][236][274][189][191][240][251][275][276][277][278][170]
Metz 40,000 25,000 40,000 [265][269][279]
Montpellier 30,000 – 40,000 15,000 40,000 [265][280]
Moscow 20,000 – 30,000 30,000 – 40,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 270,000 [281][282]
Narbonne 20,000 30,000 – 50,000 31,000 [187][205][166][170]
Naples 30,000 50,000 30,000 30,000 50,000 – 60,000 200,000 350,000 207,000 500,000 [236][191][205][283][284][285][286][287][288][289]
Nimes 40,000 – 60,000 40,000 [265][290][291][292][293]
Nuremberg 10,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 – 52,000 40,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 27,000 [173][175][177][251][294][295][296]
Ostia Antica 20,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 [297][298][299][300][301][302]
Ohrid 40,000 [198]
Palermo 60,000 – 350,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 124,000 135,000 [303][190][191][304][256]
Paris 8,000 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 50,000 110,000 – 160,000 228,000 – 275,000 – 300,000 280,000 225,000 245,000 – 420,000 515,000 546,000 – 830,000 [205][224][305][306][307][265][308][309][166][310]
Padua 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 40,000 [166][311]
Philippi 10,000 – 100,000 [312][167]
Pliska 44,000 [198]
Plovdiv 20,000 20,000 30,000 [198]
Pozzuoli 30,000 – 100,000 [50][313][174][170]
Pskov 35,000 52,000 – 60,000 [198]
Preslav 60,000 60,000 [314]
Prague 10,000[315] 22,000 40,000 – 77,000 95,000 – 100,000 70,000 100,000 48,000 77,000 – 100,000 [316][191][317]
Regensburg 25,000 40,000 [274][269]
Reims 30,000 – 50,000 30,000 [187][265]
Rome 1,000,000 – 1,650,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 100,000 90,000 40,000 – 50,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 50,000 – 55,000 90,000 – 110,000 120,000 – 150,000 150,000 [150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][182][215][318][319][320][321][322][323][166][170]
Ravenna 50,000 50,000 [184]
Rhodes 40,000 [167]
Rouen 10,000 30,000 40,000 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 63,000 80,000 – 90,000 [191][265][269][270][317][324][325]
Saint Petersburg 100,000+ 220,000 – 425,000 [192][326]
Salerno 50,000 50,000 30,000 4,000 [205][304]
Smolensk 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 25,000 50,000 64,000 40,000 [327][328]
Sarai 100,00 – 600,000 [329]
Speyer 30,000+ 30,000 20,000 [198]
Seville 90,000 150,000 25,000 100,000 – 300,000 80,000 96,000 [330][190][191][200]
Siena 50,000 – 120,000[331] 25,000 [332]
Stara Zagora 35,000 30,000 40,000 38,000 [198]
Syracuse, Sicily 80,000 – 90,000 [189][163]
Thessaloniki 30,000 – 200,000 50,000 40,000 150,000 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 [252][333][334][335][336][337][166][167]
Trakai 50,000 [198]
Trnovo 48,000 35,000 [198]
Targoviste 25,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 45,000 – 60,000 [198]
Trier 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 15,000 20,000 [205][269][338][339][340][184]
Toulouse 20,000 40,000 50,000 30,000 40,000 24,000 50,000 43,000 50,000 [341][271][265][342][343][344][345]
Venice 60,000 80,000 110,000 – 180,000 110,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 170,000 200,000 140,000 140,000 [236][274][238][239][346]
Verona 20,000 – 25,000 40,000 [347][348]
Veliky Novgorod 10,000 – 15,000 – 18,000 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 – 400,000 50,000 [349][350][351][352]
Vienna 15,000 – 20,000 15,000 – 20,000 12,000 20,000 24,000 45,000 30,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 100,000 – 113,000 250,000 [171][177][231][191][296][208][353][354]
Worms 28,000 – 60,000 20,000 [198]
Ypres 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 [205][201][355][356][357][358][359][360]
Zadar 30,000 [361]

Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985)

[edit]

Data from Chandler (1987)

[edit]
City Country 430 B.C. 200 B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 361 A.D. 500 A.D. 622
Seville Spain 37–40,000 40,000
London United Kingdom 30,000
Syracuse Italy 125,000 100,000 51–60,000 45–50,000
Rome Italy 35,000 150,000 450,000 150,000 100,000 50,000
Milan Italy 30,000 40,000
Athens Greece 155,000 75,000 75,000 50–60,000
Corinth Greece 70,000 70,000 50,000
Byzantium/
Constantinople		 Turkey 36,000 300,000 400,000 350,000
City Country 800 900 1000 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1575 1600 1650
London United Kingdom 15,000 25,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 74,000 112,000 187,000 410,000
Lisbon Portugal 15,000 15,000 15,000 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 55,000 62,000 85,000 100,000 170,000
Córdoba Spain 160,000 200,000 450,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 36,000 30,000 32,000
Seville Spain 35,000 40,000 90,000 125,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 46,000 70,000 100,000 126,000 60,000
Granada Spain 60,000 60,000 60,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 90,000 165,000 70,000 70,000 60,000 68,000
Madrid Spain 80,000 125,000
Paris France 25,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 110,000 160,000 228,000 215,000 280,000 150,000 185,000 210,000 220,000 245,000 455,000
Amsterdam Netherlands 48,000 165,000
Rome Italy 50,000 40,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 30,000 33,000 38,000 58,000 70,000 102,000 110,000
Turin Italy 25,000 30,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 75,000 114,000 209,000 215,000 224,000 265,000
Milan Italy 25,000 20,000 30,000 42,000 45,000 60,000 65,000 60,000 50,000 80,000 83,000 89,000 75,000 98,000 107,000 105,000
Palermo Italy 35,000 75,000 90,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 35,000 25,000 39,000 60,000 70,000 105,000 132,000
Venice Italy 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 110,000 85,000 110,000 100,000 115,000 171,000 157,000 151,000 134,000
Copenhagen Denmark 15,000 22,000 30,000 40,000 55,000 76,000 80,000 84,000 90,000 110,000
Prague Czech Republic 25,000 35,000 35,000 33,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul		 Turkey 250,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 80,000 75,000 45,000 200,000 660,000 680,000 700,000 700,000
Smolensk Russia 80,000 100,000 120,000
Moscow Russia 30,000 80,000 75,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
City Country 1675 1700 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1862 1875 1900 1914 1925 1936 1950 1975
London United Kingdom 485,000 550,000 676,000 710,000 861,000 1,335,000 2,320,000 2,803,000 4,241,000 6,480,000 7,419,000 7,742,000 9,710,000 8,860,000 10,500,000
Lisbon Portugal 178,000 188,000 213,000 219,000 237,000 258,000 262,000 280,000 243,000 363,000 455,000 567,000 875,000 1,600,000
Córdoba Spain 27,000 28,000 34,000 52,000
Seville Spain 80,000 68,000 96,000 83,000 117,000 148,000 212,000 383,000 685,000
Granada Spain 35,000 45,000 53,000 58,000 75,000
Madrid Spain 115,000 105,000 110,000 132,000 182,000 201,000 216,000 303,000 373,000 539,000 623,000 791,000 1,220,000 1,527,000 4,150,000
Paris France 540,000 530,000 556,000 600,000 547,000 855,000 1,314,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 3,330,000 4,000,000 4,800,000 5,950,000 5,900,000 9,400,000
Amsterdam Netherlands 195,000 210,000 219,000 209,000 195,000 196,000 225,000 268,000 289,000 510,000 601,000 718,000 859,000 1,800,000
Rome Italy 105,000 138,000 146,000 148,000 142,000 125,000 158,000 194,000 251,000 438,000 570,000 758,000 1,155,000 1,665,000 3,600,000
Naples Italy 170,000 207,000 310,000 355,000 430,000 350,000 413,000 447,000 450,000 563,000 691,000 852,000 1,210,000 1,900,000
Milan Italy 114,000 113,000 110,000 117,000 122,000 156,000 182,000 226,000 267,000 491,000 655,000 917,000 1,103,000 1,400,000 3,800,000
Palermo Italy 128,000 125,000 111,000 127,000 135,000 154,000 170,000 175,000 188,000 255,000 370,000 470,000 672,000
Venice Italy 138,000 143,000 158,000 151,000 146,000 99,000 141,000 171,000 226,000 354,000
Berlin Germany 26,000 113,000 136,000 172,000 222,000 446,000 582,000 1,045,000 2,707,000 3,500,000 4,013,000 4,226,000 3,707,000 2,000,000
Budapest Hungary - - - - - - - - 309,208 733,385 880,371 960,995 1,060,431 1,629,000 2,026,543
Prague Czech Republic 48,000 58,000 77,000 98,000 117,000 474,000 670,000 745,000 951,000 1,275,000
Copenhagen Denmark 30,000 181,000 571,000 1,140,000 3,300,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul		 Turkey 750,000 700,000 625,000 600,000 570,000 675,000 785,000 820,000 873,000 900,000 1,125,000 817,000 1,035,000 3,200,000
Edirne Turkey 100,000 85,000 82,000 80,000 88,000 85,000
Moscow Russia 105,000 114,000 146,000 177,000 248,000 257,000 373,000 346,000 600,000 1,120,000 1,805,000 1,764,000 4,050,000 5,100,000 10,700,000
Saint Petersburg Russia 74,000 164,000 220,000 438,000 502,000 565,000 764,000 1,439,000 2,133,000 1,430,000 2,983,000 2,700,000 4,280,000

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ Thomas, C.G.; Conant, C. (2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-253-00325-6.
  2. ^ a b Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  4. ^ Beer, J. (2004). Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-313-28946-0.
  5. ^ Schwartz, G.M.; Nichols, J.J. (2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8165-2936-0.
  6. ^ "Urban History of Athens Presentation" (PDF). 9 December 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  7. ^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-166386-4.
  8. ^ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN 9788773041895.
  9. ^ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0.
  10. ^ O'Sullivan, L. (2009). The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics. Brill. p. 110. ISBN 9789004178885.
  11. ^ Robert. "Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Legacy". history-world.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  12. ^ "BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: The Democratic Experiment". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  13. ^ "The population of Sparta and Athens". ancientgreekbattles.net. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  15. ^ Rocca, S. (2008). Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 333. ISBN 978-3-16-149717-9.
  16. ^ Lathrop, D.; Ruma, L. (2010). Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4493-8880-5.
  17. ^ Moreno, A. (2007). Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-922840-9.
  18. ^ Van Wees, H. (2013). Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-686-7.
  19. ^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-964579-4.
  20. ^ a b Keith Roberts (2013). The Origins of Business, Money and Markets. Columbia Business School Pub. ISBN 978-0-231-52685-2.
  21. ^ a b Beck, H. (2013). A Companion to Ancient Greek Government. Wiley. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-118-30318-4.
  22. ^ Troy Dora P. Crouch Professor Emerita Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY (1993). Geology and Settlement : Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-535943-5.
  23. ^ Diop, C.A.; Salemson, H.J.; De Jager, M. (1991). Civilization or Barbarism. L.M. Ngemi. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-55652-048-8.
  24. ^ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-28751-0.
  25. ^ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34046-2.
  26. ^ Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
  27. ^ a b c d Castleden, R. (2002). Atlantis Destroyed. Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-134-70879-6.
  28. ^ Freeman, C. (2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-19-150970-4.
  29. ^ Thornton, I.; New, T. (2007). Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-139-46231-0.
  30. ^ Kupp, R.W. (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century. Trafford Publishing. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-4120-5003-6.
  31. ^ "New York Magazine". Newyorkmetro.com. New York Media, LLC: 73. 5 March 1990. ISSN 0028-7369.
  32. ^ "Civilization.ca – Greece: Secrets of the Past – Fast Facts". historymuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  33. ^ Francis, P. (1993). Volcanoes: a planetary perspective. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854033-5.
  34. ^ Yahya, H. (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World. Ta-Ha. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-897940-99-0.
  35. ^ Stewart, I. (2012). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Random House. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-4481-4942-1.
  36. ^ Hooke, N. (1818). The Roman history, from the building of Rome to the ruin of the commonwealth... New ed. Printed for F.C. and J. Rivington. p. 17.
  37. ^ Lemprière, J. (1842). A Classical Dictionary: Containing a Full Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, with Tables of Coins, Weights, and Measures, in Use Among the Greeks and Romans. To which is Now Prefixed, a Chronological Table. T. Allman. p. 26.
  38. ^ Royal Institution of Great Britain (1828). Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts. James Eastburn. p. 98.
  39. ^ Maynard, J. (2005). The Light of Alexandria. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4116-5335-1.
  40. ^ a b Rollin, C.; Bell, J. (1870). The ancient history of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians and Macedonians: including a history of the arts and sciences of the ancients. Harper & Brothers. p. 286.
  41. ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (18 April 2013). Caesar: The Life Of A Colossus. Orion. ISBN 9780297864004.
  42. ^ Maschner, Herbert D. G. (1 January 1996). New Methods, Old Problems: Geographic Information Systems in Modern Archaeological Research. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. ISBN 9780881040791.
  43. ^ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29126-2.
  44. ^ Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia; Moretti, A.M.S.; Italy. Soprintendenza archeologica per l'Etruria meridionale (2001). The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882650124.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Turfa, J.M.I. (2013). The Etruscan World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-05530-2.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-29126-2.
  47. ^ Roberts, J.M. (1993). A Short History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-19-511504-8.
  48. ^ "p.14-5. Italy: Handbook for Travellers: Southern Italy, Sicily, the Lipari Islands". forgottenbooks.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  49. ^ Cramer, J.A. (1826). A Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Italy. Clarendon. p. 205.
  50. ^ a b c A Companion to Latin Studies. CUP Archive. 1963. p. 356.
  51. ^ de Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-107-01318-6.
  52. ^ Randsborg, K. (1991). The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-38787-3.
  53. ^ a b c Facaros, D.; Pauls, M. (2004). Italy. Cadogan Guides. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-86011-113-6.
  54. ^ Choirokoitia "Choirokoitia - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports". Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  55. ^ Maric, V. (2009). Cyprus. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-74104-803-2.
  56. ^ MobileReference (2011). Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps (Mobi Travel). MobileReference. ISBN 978-1-61198-124-7.
  57. ^ Bryant, S. (2008). Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages. Wiley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-470-72205-3.
  58. ^ Spilling, M.; Spilling, J.A. (2010). Cyprus. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7614-4855-6.
  59. ^ Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4.
  60. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc (1995). The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropaedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-605-9.
  61. ^ Storey, Glenn (30 April 2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  62. ^ a b c Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1 January 1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2.
  63. ^ HarperCollins (Firm) (1988). HarperCollins atlas of archaeology. Borders Press in association with HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 978-0-7230-1005-0.
  64. ^ Rockwood, C. (1997). Fodor's Greece. Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 978-0-679-03227-4.
  65. ^ a b Jarde, A. (2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Taylor & Francis. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-136-19586-0.
  66. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  67. ^ a b c d http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Harper.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  68. ^ "Ministry of Culture and Sports | Dimini". odysseus.culture.gr. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  69. ^ Fokkens, Harry; Harding, Anthony (2013). "The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age". Anthony Harding, Harry Fokkens Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-957286-1.
  70. ^ "Analysis of human remains rewrites the story of Stonehenge". University of York. 2013.
  71. ^ "NEWSLETTER – December 2013" (PDF). Andrew Morgan, East Dorset Antiquarian Society. 2013. p. 2.
  72. ^ Gournia, Minoan Crete Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  73. ^ Brewer, S.; Kollias, T. (2011). Frommer's Greece Day by Day. Wiley. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-118-02336-5.
  74. ^ Walsh, J.S.P. (2013). Consumerism in the Ancient World: Imports and Identity Construction. Taylor & Francis. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-317-81284-5.
  75. ^ "World Archaeology News 22 January 2013". archaeology.ws. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  76. ^ Fernández-Götz, Manuel. "Heuneburg. First city north of the Alps – Current World Archaeology | Manuel Fernandez-Gotz – Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  77. ^ "Die Keltenfürstin von der Heuneburg - SWR4 Baden-Württemberg :: Programm :: Radio Tübingen | SWR.de". Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  78. ^ Osborne, R. (2004). Greek History. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-415-31717-7.
  79. ^ Gosden, C. (2004). Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-521-78795-6.
  80. ^ Gagarin, Michael (31 December 2009). Ancient Greece and Rome. pp. 1–253. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6.
  81. ^ Castleden, R. (2012). Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-96785-8.
  82. ^ "Unicity Europe .:|:. Home". unicityeuro.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  83. ^ Castleden, R. (2002). Minoans. Taylor & Francis. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-134-88064-5.
  84. ^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-134-25958-8.
  85. ^ Mithen, S. (2012). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-674-07219-0.
  86. ^ Humphrey, J.W. (2006). Ancient Technology. Greenwood Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-313-32763-6.
  87. ^ a b Denemark, R.A.; Friedman, J.; Gills, B.K.; Modelski, G. (2002). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-57144-4.
  88. ^ Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab (2000). Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 9788778761774.
  89. ^ Coles, B. (1981). Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1398-8.
  90. ^ Devdeep, S. (2011). The Oneness Revealed. Lulu.com. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-557-96338-6.
  91. ^ Cummings, V.; Jordan, P.; Zvelebil, M. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-gatherers. Oxford University Press. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-19-955122-4.
  92. ^ Price, T.D. (2013). Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. OUP USA. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-19-991470-8.
  93. ^ Schorn, D. (2008). Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones. Ozark Mountain Publishing, Incorporated. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-886940-99-4.
  94. ^ Tellier, Luc-Normand (1 January 2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. PUQ. ISBN 9782760522091.
  95. ^ "11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew". abuss.narod.ru. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  96. ^ "THE EARLY HELLADIC GRAVES OF MANIKA : CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE" (PDF). 6 November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  97. ^ Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). Classics Dept (1988). Old World Archaeology Newsletter. ISSN 0732-1635.
  98. ^ Brünn. Moravské muzeum Oddĕleni pro diluvium "Anthropos". (2001). "Anthropologie". Anthropologie: International Journal of the Science of Man (vb. 39–40). Moravské muzeum, Ústav Anthropos. ISSN 0323-1119.
  99. ^ Erika Weiberg (12 February 2007). "Thinking the Bronze Age" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  100. ^ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. Wiley. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-118-25519-3.
  101. ^ http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:169578/FULLTEXT01.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  102. ^ a b Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 January 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE. Routledge. ISBN 9781317247920.
  103. ^ "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization".
  104. ^ Milisauskas, S. (2011). European Prehistory: A Survey. Springer. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4419-6633-9.
  105. ^ Rodney Castelden (3 August 2005). "Minoans – Life_in_Bronze_Age Crete" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  106. ^ a b c d e http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=etruscan_studies [bare URL PDF]
  107. ^ a b c d e Becker, H.W.; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Classics (2007). Production, Consumption and Society in North Etruria During the Archaic and Classical Periods: The World of Lars Porsenna. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-549-55849-1.
  108. ^ "Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia". ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  109. ^ "Archaeological Exhibitions". duncancaldwell.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  110. ^ De Puy, W.H. (1887). The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge: With Numerous Appendixes Invaluable for Reference in All Departments of Industrial Life ... Eaton & Mains.
  111. ^ Ching, F.D.K.; Jarzombek, M.M.; Prakash, V. (2010). A Global History of Architecture. Wiley. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-118-00739-6.
  112. ^ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people ... Appleton. 1865. p. 151.
  113. ^ "hol προγράμματα | hellas online". users.hol.gr. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  114. ^ "Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology | This site contains information about the prehistoric archaeology of the Aegean". Archived from the original on 8 June 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  115. ^ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. Wiley. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-118-25520-9.
  116. ^ Runnels, C.N.; Murray, P. (2001). Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide. Stanford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8047-4050-0.
  117. ^ D'Amato, R.; Rava, G. (2013). Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC. Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-78096-860-5.
  118. ^ Nielsen, T.H. (2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Steiner. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-515-08438-3.
  119. ^ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-82327-5.
  120. ^ Niebuhr, B.G. (1853). Lectures on Ancient Ethography and Geography: Comprising Greece and Her Colonies, Epirus, Macedonia, Illyricum, Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, the North of Africa, Etc. Walton Maberly. p. 261.
  121. ^ Cicero, M.T.; Kelsall, C. (1812). The Two Last Pleadings of Marcus Tullius Cicero Against Caius Verres. White, Cochrane, and Company. p. 348.
  122. ^ Wiseman, N.P. (1839). The Dublin Review. Tablet Publishing Company. p. 483.
  123. ^ Schneider, W. (1963). Babylon is Everywhere: The City as Man's Fate. McGraw-Hill.
  124. ^ Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  125. ^ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385091879.
  126. ^ Glotz, G. (2013). Ancient Greece at Work. Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-136-19558-7.
  127. ^ Crawford, M.H.; Whitehead, D. (1983). Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-521-29638-0.
  128. ^ Grant, M. (2012). The Rise Of The Greeks. Orion. ISBN 978-1-78022-275-2.
  129. ^ Tsetskhladze, G.R. (2006). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Brill. ISBN 9789004122048.
  130. ^ Durant, W. (2011). The Life of Greece: The Story of Civilization. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4758-7.
  131. ^ Harding, A. (2013). Salt in Prehistoric Europe. Sidestone Press. p. 155. ISBN 9789088902383.
  132. ^ "Bulgaria archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town Provadia-Solnitsata – Telegraph". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  133. ^ Yasur-Landau, A. (2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-139-48587-6.
  134. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  135. ^ Oppenheimer, Michael (1 January 2002). The Monuments of Italy: A Regional Survey of Art, Architecture and Archaeology from Classical to Modern Times. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-570-9.
  136. ^ Collier's Encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index. Macmillan Educational Company. 1986.
  137. ^ The Anthropogene Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  138. ^ Kohl, Philip L. (22 January 2007). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139461993.
  139. ^ Baumer, Christoph (11 December 2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-060-5.
  140. ^ Kelder, Jorrit. "Greece during the Late Bronze Age | Jorrit Kelder – Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  141. ^ Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux (2006). Jaarbericht.
  142. ^ Buck, Robert J. (1 January 1979). A History of Boeotia. University of Alberta. ISBN 9780888640512.
  143. ^ Clinton, Henry Fynes (1 January 1851). An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press.
  144. ^ Lemprière, John; Ogilby, John David (1 January 1839). Bibliotheca Classica, Or A Dictionary of All the Principal Names and Terms Relating to the Geography, Topography, History, Literature and Mythology of Antiquity and of the Ancients: With a Chronological Table. W.E. Dean.
  145. ^ Chapman, Robert (19 April 1990). Emerging Complexity: The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521232074.
  146. ^ "Los Millares – Chalcolithic Site of Los Millares". archaeology.about.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  147. ^ Haas, Jonathan (31 October 2001). From Leaders to Rulers. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780306464218.
  148. ^ "Ancient Greek city digitally recreated – Archaeology – Science – The Independent". independent.co.uk. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  149. ^ "The Archaeology News Network: Divers to excavate 3500BC underwater city". archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.dk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  150. ^ a b Prof. John P. Adams, Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures. "Roman Census Figures". csun.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  151. ^ a b Livy (8 November 2007). Rome's Mediterranean Empire: Books 41-45 and the Periochae. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191605390.
  152. ^ a b https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13797/Appenduices_Bibliography.pdf?sequence=19 [bare URL PDF]
  153. ^ a b Cornell (1995) 204-5
  154. ^ a b Aldrete, Gregory S. (30 January 2007). Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801884054.
  155. ^ a b Harris, P. M. G. (1 January 2001). The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275971311.
  156. ^ a b Herreros, F. "Size and Virtue | Francisco Herreros – Academia.edu". European Journal of Political Theory. 6 (4). academia.edu: 463–482. doi:10.1177/1474885107080651. S2CID 145139011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  157. ^ a b Ward, Lorne H. (1 January 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C". The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. doi:10.2307/295257. JSTOR 295257.
  158. ^ a b John Rich (11 August 2010). "Warfare and the Army in Early Rome" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  159. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  160. ^ Goldsworthy, A. (2013). Caesar's Civil War 49-44 BC. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-88181-8.
  161. ^ Fulminante, F. (2014). The Urbanisation of Rome andLatium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-107-65584-3.
  162. ^ Berthold, R.M. (1984). Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age. Cornell University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8014-7597-9.
  163. ^ a b c Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  164. ^ Gibbon, Edward (12 December 2002). History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -. Palm Digital Media Group. ISBN 978-0-7408-1698-7.
  165. ^ Stark, Rodney (1 January 1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02749-8.
  166. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k de Ligt, L.; Northwood, S.J. (2008). People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. Brill. p. 150. ISBN 9789004171183.
  167. ^ a b c d e Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  168. ^ Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
  169. ^ Horodowich, E. (2013). A Brief History of Venice. Constable & Robinson Limited. ISBN 978-1-4721-0774-9.
  170. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  171. ^ a b c d e Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-091274-6.
  172. ^ Boyle, N. (2008). German Literature: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-157863-2.
  173. ^ a b c Armstrong, A.; Hamer, J. (2002). The European Reformation, 1500–1610. Heinemann Educational. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-435-32710-1.
  174. ^ a b Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-107-49556-2.
  175. ^ a b McIntosh, T. (1997). Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its Region, 1650–1750. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8078-5063-3.
  176. ^ Sheehan, J.J. (1993). German History, 1770–1866. Clarendon Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-820432-9.
  177. ^ a b c d Morris, T.A. (2002). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-134-74819-8.
  178. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 270. ISBN 9782760522091.
  179. ^ The Book of Commerce by Sea and Land … To which are Added a History of Commerce, and a Chronological Table … Illustrated by a Map and Numerous Engravings. Allen & Ticknor. 1834. p. 173.
  180. ^ a b The American Travellers' Guides: Hand-books for Travellers in Europe and the East, Being a Guide Through Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, Tyrol, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Spain, and Portugal. Fetridge & Company. 1 January 1865.
  181. ^ a b Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8.
  182. ^ a b c d e Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 311. ISBN 9782760522091.
  183. ^ Hinds, K. (2009). Everyday Life in the Renaissance. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7614-4483-1.
  184. ^ a b c Fischer, Svante; Victor, Helena. ""The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer – Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  185. ^ Steves, R.; Smith, S. (2013). Rick Steves' Provence & the French Riviera. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61238-874-8.
  186. ^ Durrell, L. (1994). Provence. Arcade Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-55970-247-8.
  187. ^ a b c de Planhol, X.; Claval, P. (1994). An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-32208-9.
  188. ^ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Elsevier Science. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-323-14402-5.
  189. ^ a b c d e Stark, R. (1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-691-02749-4.
  190. ^ a b c d Rich, E.E.; Wilson, C.H. (1967). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-04507-0.
  191. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-36357-0.
  192. ^ a b c d Delon, M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Taylor & Francis. p. 370. ISBN 978-1-135-95998-2.
  193. ^ a b Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2013. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-136-19641-6.
  194. ^ Nicholas, D.M. (2014). The Later Medieval City: 1300–1500. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-90187-7.
  195. ^ Gerli, E.M.; Armistead, S.G. (2003). Medieval Iberia. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-415-93918-8.
  196. ^ a b Spruyt, Hendrik (1 January 1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691029105.
  197. ^ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 160.
  198. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (24 September 2013). 3000 Years of Urban Growth. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483271255.
  199. ^ Zuffi, S. (2006). European Art of the Sixteenth Century. J.P. Getty Museum. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-89236-846-4.
  200. ^ a b c Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-51737-2.
  201. ^ a b Serrano, A.; Viguera, M.J.; López, J.P.; Méndez, J.M.C.; Fundación José Manuel Lara; Legado Andalusí; Alcázar (Seville, Spain) (2006). IBN JALDUN: STUDIES. Fundación El Legado Andalusí. p. 193. ISBN 9788496556348.
  202. ^ Flügel, G.T.; Grund, F.J. (1834). The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Hilliard, Gray & Co. p. 144.
  203. ^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-136-63944-9.
  204. ^ a b Goff, J.L. (2009). The Birth of Europe. Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4051-3726-3.
  205. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Diego Puga & Daniel Trefler (30 November 2009). "International trade and institutional change" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  206. ^ Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8108-6310-1.
  207. ^ Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-19-976835-6.
  208. ^ a b Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  209. ^ a b Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-521-36357-0.
  210. ^ Gunn, Angus M. (1 January 2008). Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313087479.
  211. ^ Jeffers, James S. (7 October 1999). The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era: Exploring the Background of Early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1589-0.
  212. ^ Friesen, Steve; Schowalter, Daniel N.; Walters, James (14 June 2010). Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004181977.
  213. ^ Jensen, Irving L. (1 June 1982). Jensen Survey-2 Volume Set -Old and New Testaments. Moody Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8024-8287-7.
  214. ^ Morris, L. (1985). The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary. Inter-Varsity Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8028-0064-0.
  215. ^ a b Annette Lindblom. "History 303: Populations". tulane.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  216. ^ "Europe in 1500". remus.shidler.hawaii.edu. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  217. ^ Rosser, John H. (1 January 2012). Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810875678.
  218. ^ Bunson, Matthew (1 January 1991). A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195102338.
  219. ^ Brown, Neville (29 June 2005). History and Climate Change: A Eurocentric Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 9781134977598.
  220. ^ Davis, R. H. C. (16 August 2013). A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis. Routledge. ISBN 9781317867890.
  221. ^ Hoffmann, Richard (10 April 2014). An Environmental History of Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521876964.
  222. ^ Dawson, Christopher (9 August 2012). Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson). CUA Press. ISBN 9780813218182.
  223. ^ Collins, Paul (1 January 2013). The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610390149.
  224. ^ a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  225. ^ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000". geography.about.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  226. ^ a b Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill. p. 48. ISBN 9789004180079.
  227. ^ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-134-12975-1.
  228. ^ Dudley, L. (2008). Information Revolutions in the History of the West. Edward Elgar. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-84844-280-1.
  229. ^ "2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt" (PDF). 29 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  230. ^ a b Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-00795-3.
  231. ^ a b c d e f Rich, E.E.; Wilson, C.H. (1967). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-521-04507-0.
  232. ^ Grigg, D.B. (1980). Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-29635-9.
  233. ^ Duffy, S. (2005). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-135-94824-5.
  234. ^ Hudson, B.T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
  235. ^ Hansen, M.H.; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2000). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 255. ISBN 9788778761774.
  236. ^ a b c d e Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8.
  237. ^ "Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy". italyworldclub.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  238. ^ a b Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-134-63620-4.
  239. ^ a b Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
  240. ^ a b Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000–1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. OUP Oxford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-927460-4.
  241. ^ M. Ginatempo L. Sandri “L’Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI” Le Lettere 1990
  242. ^ Lodge, R. Anthony (1 January 1993). French, from Dialect to Standard. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-08071-2.
  243. ^ Campbell, B.M.S.; Overton, M. (1991). Land, Labour, and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity. Manchester University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7190-3171-7.
  244. ^ Cohn, S.K.; Aiton, D. (2012). Popular Protest in Late Medieval English Towns. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-107-02780-0.
  245. ^ Ripley, G. (2012). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge... Nabu Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-276-65397-8.
  246. ^ Oppenheimer, P. (2002). Rubens: A Portrait. Cooper Square Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8154-1209-0.
  247. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  248. ^ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  249. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 260. ISBN 9782760522091.
  250. ^ Meyer, M.C.; Beezley, W.H. (2000). The Oxford History of Mexico. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-511228-3.
  251. ^ a b c d e f Koenigsberger, H.G.; Mosse, G.L.; Bowler, G. (2014). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-87586-4.
  252. ^ a b HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-03873-8.
  253. ^ Allen, W.E.D. (2014). The Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-107-64186-0.
  254. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  255. ^ SJ, L.F.; Reff, D.T.; Danford, R. (2014). The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois SJ, with a Critical Introduction by Daniel T Reff: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-317-91781-6.
  256. ^ a b Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-136-51738-9.
  257. ^ http://www.ctcwd.com/rrose/websites/london/history.htm[permanent dead link]
  258. ^ Armstrong, L.; Elbl, M.M.; Elbl, I.; Armstrong, L.D.; Munro, J.H.A. (2007). Money, Markets and Trade in Late Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H.A. Munro. Brill. p. 375. ISBN 9789004156333.
  259. ^ "London Population". londononline.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  260. ^ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". demographia.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  261. ^ Self, A. (2014). The Birds of London. A&C Black. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4081-9404-1.
  262. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 200. ISBN 9782760522091.
  263. ^ "Major Cities in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages". thefinertimes.com. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  264. ^ Thirsk, J.; Chartres, J. (1990). Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500–1750. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-36881-0.
  265. ^ a b c d e f g h Flügel, G.T.; Grund, F.J. (1834). The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Hilliard, Gray & Co. p. 144.
  266. ^ Bromwich, J. (2013). The Roman Remains of Northern and Eastern France: A Guidebook. Taylor & Francis. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-135-10372-9.
  267. ^ Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-299-08934-4.
  268. ^ Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-299-08934-4.
  269. ^ a b c d e Bachrach, B. (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. Brill. p. 67. ISBN 9789004244771.
  270. ^ a b Knecht, R.J. (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562–1598. Osprey. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84176-395-8.
  271. ^ a b Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8.
  272. ^ Rogers, C.J.; DeVries, K.; France, J. (2012). Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-84383-747-3.
  273. ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1 August 1999). Western Civilization. Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-534-56837-5.
  274. ^ a b c Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 266. ISBN 9782760522091.
  275. ^ Gamrath, H. (2007). Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy. "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882654269.
  276. ^ Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000. OUP Oxford. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-956273-2.
  277. ^ Morley, Neville (19 December 2002). Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC-AD 200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89331-2.
  278. ^ Macadam, Alta; Rossiter, Stuart; Blanchard, Paul; Muirhead, Findlay; Bertarelli, Luigi Vittorio (1 January 1971). Northern Italy, from Alps to Florence. A & C Black.
  279. ^ Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve. ISBN 2-7160-0115-4 (in French)
  280. ^ Peters, G. (2012). The Musical Sounds of Medieval French Cities: Players, Patrons, and Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-139-57678-9.
  281. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  282. ^ Colton, T.J. (1998). Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Harvard University Press. p. 757. ISBN 978-0-674-58749-6.
  283. ^ "Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn – Napoli – La Storia". szn.it. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  284. ^ "Camper Club la Granda Italia: Home". camperclublagranda.it. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  285. ^ "Campagne e città europee nel XVI secolo | babilonia61". babilonia61.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  286. ^ Tuchman, B.W. (2011). A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. Random House Publishing Group. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-307-79369-0.
  287. ^ Marino, J.A. (2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8018-9939-3.
  288. ^ P. Faiella, A.P.M.Z. (2007). Naples. Bonechi. ISBN 9788847621053.
  289. ^ The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the time of the Carolingians By Edda Claus.
  290. ^ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture. Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8014-9245-7.
  291. ^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-63951-7.
  292. ^ Mihalevich (25 September 2013). "The Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes, France" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  293. ^ Russell, Josiah Cox (1 January 1958). Late Ancient and Medieval Population. American Philosophical Society.
  294. ^ van Gelderen, M.; Skinner, Q. (2002). Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-80203-1.
  295. ^ Coon, L.L.; Haldane, K.J.; Sommer, E.W. (1990). That Gentle Strength: Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity. University Press of Virginia. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-8139-1293-6.
  296. ^ a b McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0.
  297. ^ Ring, T.; Salkin, R.M.; Boda, S.L. (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2.
  298. ^ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-520-08429-2.
  299. ^ Roma, Lozzi (1 January 1999). Archaeological Rome as it was, as it is. Lozzi Roma. ISBN 9788886843881.
  300. ^ Paul Norton. ":: TRAVEL THRU HISTORY – History". travelthruhistory.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  301. ^ Tigay, A.M. (1994). The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights. Jason Aronson. p. 436. ISBN 978-1-56821-078-0.
  302. ^ Garwood, D. (2009). Mediterranean Europe. Lonely Planet. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-74104-856-8.
  303. ^ E. Buringh (2011). Medieval Manuscript Production in the Latin West: Explorations with a Global Database. Brill. p. 73. ISBN 9789004175198.
  304. ^ a b Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  305. ^ Mansbach, Richard W.; Taylor, Kirsten L. (17 June 2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781136517389.
  306. ^ "Regeneration". english.upenn.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  307. ^ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-59884-996-7.
  308. ^ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub. p. 1316. ISBN 978-0-8240-4444-2.
  309. ^ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-89414-7.
  310. ^ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  311. ^ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  312. ^ Bock, Darrell L. (1 July 2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2451-1.
  313. ^ MacArthur, J.F. (1996). Acts 13-28 MacArthur New Testament Commentary. Moody Publishers. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-57567-600-5.
  314. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 247. ISBN 9782760522091.
  315. ^ Corvey), Widukind (of (1 December 2014). Deeds of the Saxons. CUA Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2693-4.
  316. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 290. ISBN 9782760522091.
  317. ^ a b HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-03873-8.
  318. ^ Bairoch, Paul; Braider, Christopher (18 June 1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  319. ^ Freeman, Charles (15 February 2011). AD 381: Heretics, Pagans and the Christian State. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-1924-3.
  320. ^ Gross, Hanns (22 April 2004). Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89378-7.
  321. ^ Brown, Peter (18 December 2012). The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-33881-0.
  322. ^ Chew, Sing C. (19 December 2006). The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1402-9.
  323. ^ Heiken, Grant; Funiciello, Renato; Rita, Donatella de (24 October 2013). The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4937-6.
  324. ^ Lane, M.Y. (2013). Approach the Throne. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-4827-0574-4.
  325. ^ Lodge, R.A. (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-08071-2.
  326. ^ Zelnik, R.E.; Columbia University. Russian Institute (1971). Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855–1870. Stanford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8047-0740-4.
  327. ^ Butlin, R.A.; Dodgshon, R.A. (1998). An Historical Geography of Europe. Clarendon Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-19-874179-4.
  328. ^ Magocsi, P.R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4426-1021-7.
  329. ^ "Golden Horde (ancient division, Mongol Empire) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  330. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 304. ISBN 9782760522091.
  331. ^ Marino, John A. (29 December 2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801899393.
  332. ^ Smith, T.B.; Steinhoff, J.B. (2012). Art as Politics in Late Medieval and Renaissance Siena. Ashgate. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4094-0066-0.
  333. ^ McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 811. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0.
  334. ^ Treadgold, W.T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 702. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
  335. ^ Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Lit. p. 196. ISBN 978-3-643-50190-5.
  336. ^ Barber, R. (2004). Once Upon a Time. Sword of the Lord Publishers. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-87398-639-7.
  337. ^ Wilton, C.C. (2012). The Wilton Translation of the New Testament. Trafford Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-4669-0856-7.
  338. ^ "AntiquitiesCard". TRIER THE CENTER OF ANTIQUITY IN GERMANY. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  339. ^ LaVerne, F.K. (1991). Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train. Globe Pequot Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-7627-6163-0.
  340. ^ Baker, M. (2013). Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer. Dorrance Publishing Company. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4809-0187-2.
  341. ^ Pailler, Jean-Marie (2015). Toulouse, naissance d'une ville. Editions Midi-Pyrénéennes.
  342. ^ Benedict, P. (2005). Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-89218-1.
  343. ^ Lepage, J.D.G.G. (2010). Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-7864-6027-4.
  344. ^ Lot, F. (2013). The End of the Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-20233-9.
  345. ^ Le Stang, Anne (2012). Histoire de Toulouse illustrée. Le pérégrinateur éditeur.
  346. ^ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill. p. 257. ISBN 9789004252523.
  347. ^ Abulafia, D. (2004). Italy in the Central Middle Ages. OUP Oxford. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-19-924704-2.
  348. ^ Miller, M.C. (1993). The Formation of a Medieval Church: Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950-1150. Cornell University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8014-2837-1.
  349. ^ Jonassohn, K.; Björnson, K.S. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4128-2445-3.
  350. ^ "OpenStax CNX". cnx.org. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  351. ^ Ungewitter, F.H. (1852). Europe, past and Present: A Comprehensive Manual of European Geography and History,[etc.]. G.P.Putnam. p. 50.
  352. ^ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-521-85916-5.
  353. ^ Singh, S.J.; Haberl, H.; Chertow, M.; Mirtl, M.; Schmid, M. (2012). Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales. Springer. p. 251. ISBN 9789400711778.
  354. ^ Ziak, Karl (1 January 1964). Unvergängliches Wien: ein Gang durch die Geschichte von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Europa-Verlag.
  355. ^ Boissonnade (5 September 2013). Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-19641-6.
  356. ^ "See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch)". Ethesis.net. 23 November 1914. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  357. ^ Nicholas, D.M.; Nicholas, P.H.D. (2014). Medieval Flanders. Taylor & Francis. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-317-90155-6.
  358. ^ Zimmerman, L.M.; Veith, I. (1993). Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman Pub. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-930405-53-3.
  359. ^ Encyclopedia Americana: Wilmot Proviso to Zygote. Scholastic Library Pub. 1 January 2006. ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6.
  360. ^ "Ypres (Belgium) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". global.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  361. ^ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_European_cities_in_history&oldid=1231745832"