List of human spaceflights

This is a list of all crewed spaceflights throughout history. Beginning in 1961 with the flight of Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1, crewed spaceflight occurs when a human crew flies a spacecraft into outer space. Human spaceflight is distinguished from spaceflight generally, which entails both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft.

There are two definitions of spaceflight. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international record-keeping body, defines the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space at 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea level. This boundary is known as the Kármán line. The United States awards astronaut wings to qualified personnel who pilot a spaceflight above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km).

As of the launch of SpaceX Crew-9 on 28 September 2024, there have been 391 human spaceflight launches. Two missions did not cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space and therefore do not qualify as spaceflights. These were the fatal STS-51-L (Challenger disaster), and the non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission T-10a. Two aborted missions did cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space. These were the non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission MS-10 which did not reach the Kármán line but did pass the 80 km (50 mi) line. The other was the non-fatal Soyuz mission, 18a which crossed the Kármán line. Four missions successfully achieved human spaceflight, yet ended as fatal failures as their crews died during the return. These were Soyuz 1, X-15 flight 191, Soyuz 11, and STS-107 (Columbia disaster). Twenty two flights in total reached an apogee beyond 50 miles (80 km), but failed to go beyond 62 miles (100 km), so therefore do not qualify as spaceflights under the FAI definition.

Summary

Since 1961, three countries (China, Russia, and the United States) and one former country (Soviet Union) have conducted human spaceflight using seventeen different spacecraft series, or: "programs", "projects".

Entity	Soviet Union (1961–1991) / Russia (1992–present)			United States											China			Subtotals by decade
Agency	Soviet space program Roscosmos			NASA			Private space corporations operating sub-orbital flights out of the United States				Private space corporations operating orbital flights out of the United States				CMSA
Decades	Program	Dates^[a]	No.^[b]^[c]	Program^[d]	Dates	No.^[e]	Company	Program	Dates	No.^[f]	Company	Program	Dates	No.	Program	Dates	No.
1961–1970	Vostok	1961–1963	6	Mercury	1961–1963	6												52
	Voskhod	1964–1965	2	X-15	1962–1968	13
	Soyuz	1967–1991	66	Gemini	1965–1966	10
				Apollo	1968–1972	11
1971–1980				Apollo	1968–1972	11												38
				Skylab	1973–1974	3
				Apollo–Soyuz	1975	1
1981–1990				Space Shuttle	1981–2011	135												63
1991–2000	Soyuz	1992–present	86															84
2001–2010							Scaled Composites	SpaceShipOne	2004	3					Shenzhou	2003–present	13	61
2011–2020							Virgin Galactic	SpaceShipTwo	2018–2024	12	SpaceX	Crew Dragon (Commercial Crew)	2020–present	15				48
2021–2030							Blue Origin	New Shepard	2021–present	8	Boeing	Boeing Starliner (Commercial Crew)	2024–present	1				46
Subtotals by entity			160			179				23				16			13	Total	391

Human spaceflights

The Salyut series, Skylab, Mir, ISS, and Tiangong series space stations, with which many of these flights docked in orbit, are not listed separately here. See the detailed lists (links below) for information.

Missions which were intended to reach space but which failed to do so are listed in bold.
Missions between 50 miles (80.45 km) and 100 km (62 mi), which satisfy the US Military definition of space(50 Miles), but not the NASA or Internationally recognized Karman Line definition (100 KM) are listed in italics.
Fatal missions are marked with a dagger (†) symbol.

1961–1970 [edit]
Vostok 1 — Mercury-Redstone 3 — Mercury-Redstone 4 — Vostok 2
Mercury-Atlas 6 — Mercury-Atlas 7 — X-15 Flight 62 — Vostok 3 — Vostok 4 — Mercury-Atlas 8
X-15 Flight 77 — Mercury-Atlas 9 — Vostok 5 — Vostok 6 — X-15 Flight 87 — X-15 Flight 90 — X-15 Flight 91
Voskhod 1
Voskhod 2 — Gemini 3 — Gemini 4 — X-15 Flight 138* — X-15 Flight 143* — Gemini 5 — X-15 Flight 150 — X-15 Flight 153 — Gemini 7 — Gemini 6A
Gemini 8 — Gemini 9A — Gemini 10 — Gemini 11 — X-15 Flight 174 — Gemini 12
Soyuz 1† — X-15 Flight 190 — X-15 Flight 191†
X-15 Flight 197 — Apollo 7 — Soyuz 3 — Apollo 8
Soyuz 4 — Soyuz 5 — Apollo 9 — Apollo 10 — Apollo 11 — Soyuz 6 — Soyuz 7 — Soyuz 8 — Apollo 12
Apollo 13 — Soyuz 9
1971–1980 [edit]
Apollo 14 — Soyuz 10 — Soyuz 11† — Apollo 15
Apollo 16 — Apollo 17
Skylab 2 — Skylab 3 — Soyuz 12 — Skylab 4 — Soyuz 13
Soyuz 14 — Soyuz 15 — Soyuz 16
Soyuz 17 — Soyuz 18a — Soyuz 18 — Soyuz 19 — Apollo-Soyuz
Soyuz 21 — Soyuz 22 — Soyuz 23
Soyuz 24 — Soyuz 25 — Soyuz 26
Soyuz 27 — Soyuz 28 — Soyuz 29 — Soyuz 30 — Soyuz 31
Soyuz 32 — Soyuz 33
Soyuz 35 — Soyuz 36 — Soyuz T-2 — Soyuz 37 — Soyuz 38 — Soyuz T-3
1981–1990 [edit]
Soyuz T-4 — Soyuz 39 — STS-1 — Soyuz 40 — STS-2
STS-3 — Soyuz T-5 — Soyuz T-6 — STS-4 — Soyuz T-7 — STS-5
STS-6 — Soyuz T-8 — STS-7 — Soyuz T-9 — STS-8 — Soyuz T-10a — STS-9
STS-41-B — Soyuz T-10 — Soyuz T-11 — STS-41-C — Soyuz T-12 — STS-41-D — STS-41-G — STS-51-A
STS-51-C — STS-51-D — STS-51-B — Soyuz T-13 — STS-51-G — STS-51-F — STS-51-I — Soyuz T-14 — STS-51-J — STS-61-A — STS-61-B
STS-61-C — STS-51-L† — Soyuz T-15
Soyuz TM-2 — Soyuz TM-3 — Soyuz TM-4
Soyuz TM-5 — Soyuz TM-6 — STS-26 — Soyuz TM-7 — STS-27
STS-29 — STS-30 — STS-28 — Soyuz TM-8 — STS-34 — STS-33
STS-32 — Soyuz TM-9 — STS-36 — STS-31 — Soyuz TM-10 — STS-41 — STS-38 — STS-35 — Soyuz TM-11
1991–2000 [edit]
STS-37 — STS-39 — Soyuz TM-12 — STS-40 — STS-43 — STS-48 — Soyuz TM-13 — STS-44
STS-42 — Soyuz TM-14 — STS-45 — STS-49 — STS-50 — Soyuz TM-15 — STS-46 — STS-47 — STS-52 — STS-53
STS-54 — Soyuz TM-16 — STS-56 — STS-55 — STS-57 — Soyuz TM-17 — STS-51 — STS-58 — STS-61
Soyuz TM-18 — STS-60 — STS-62 — STS-59 — Soyuz TM-19 — STS-65 — STS-64 — STS-68 — Soyuz TM-20 — STS-66
STS-63 — STS-67 — Soyuz TM-21 — STS-71 — STS-70 — Soyuz TM-22 — STS-69 — STS-73 — STS-74
STS-72 — Soyuz TM-23 — STS-75 — STS-76 — STS-77 — STS-78 — Soyuz TM-24 — STS-79 — STS-80
STS-81 — Soyuz TM-25 — STS-82 — STS-83 — STS-84 — STS-94 — Soyuz TM-26 — STS-85 — STS-86 — STS-87
STS-89 — Soyuz TM-27 — STS-90 — STS-91 — Soyuz TM-28 — STS-95 — STS-88
Soyuz TM-29 — STS-96 — STS-93 — STS-103
STS-99 — Soyuz TM-30 — STS-101 — STS-106 — STS-92 — Soyuz TM-31 — STS-97
2001–2010 [edit]
STS-98 — STS-102 — STS-100 — Soyuz TM-32 — STS-104 — STS-105 — Soyuz TM-33 — STS-108
STS-109 — STS-110 — Soyuz TM-34 — STS-111 — STS-112 — Soyuz TMA-1 — STS-113
STS-107† — Soyuz TMA-2 — Shenzhou 5 — Soyuz TMA-3
Soyuz TMA-4 — SpaceShipOne Flight 15P — SpaceShipOne Flight 16P — SpaceShipOne Flight 17P — Soyuz TMA-5
Soyuz TMA-6 — STS-114 — Soyuz TMA-7 — Shenzhou 6
Soyuz TMA-8 — STS-121 — STS-115 — Soyuz TMA-9 — STS-116
Soyuz TMA-10 — STS-117 — STS-118 — Soyuz TMA-11 — STS-120
STS-122 — STS-123 — Soyuz TMA-12 — STS-124 — Shenzhou 7 — Soyuz TMA-13 — STS-126
STS-119 — Soyuz TMA-14 — STS-125 — Soyuz TMA-15 — STS-127 — STS-128 — Soyuz TMA-16 — STS-129 — Soyuz TMA-17
STS-130 — Soyuz TMA-18 — STS-131 — STS-132 — Soyuz TMA-19 — Soyuz TMA-01M — Soyuz TMA-20
2011–2020 [edit]
STS-133 — Soyuz TMA-21 — STS-134 — Soyuz TMA-02M — STS-135 — Soyuz TMA-22 — Soyuz TMA-03M
Soyuz TMA-04M — Shenzhou 9 — Soyuz TMA-05M — Soyuz TMA-06M — Soyuz TMA-07M
Soyuz TMA-08M — Soyuz TMA-09M — Shenzhou 10 — Soyuz TMA-10M — Soyuz TMA-11M
Soyuz TMA-12M — Soyuz TMA-13M — Soyuz TMA-14M — Soyuz TMA-15M
Soyuz TMA-16M — Soyuz TMA-17M — Soyuz TMA-18M — Soyuz TMA-19M
Soyuz TMA-20M — Soyuz MS-01 — Shenzhou 11 — Soyuz MS-02 — Soyuz MS-03
Soyuz MS-04 — Soyuz MS-05 — Soyuz MS-06 — Soyuz MS-07
Soyuz MS-08 — Soyuz MS-09 — Soyuz MS-10 — Soyuz MS-11 — VSS Unity VP-03
VSS Unity VF-01 — Soyuz MS-12 — Soyuz MS-13 — Soyuz MS-15
Soyuz MS-16 — Crew Dragon Demo-2 — Soyuz MS-17 — SpaceX Crew-1
2021–present [edit]
Soyuz MS-18 — SpaceX Crew-2 — Virgin Galactic Unity-21 — Shenzhou-12 — Virgin Galactic Unity-22 — Blue Origin NS-16 — SpaceX Inspiration4 — Soyuz MS-19 — Blue Origin NS-18 — Shenzhou-13 — SpaceX Crew-3 — Soyuz MS-20 — Blue Origin NS-19
Soyuz MS-21 — Blue Origin NS-20 — Axiom Mission 1 — SpaceX Crew-4 — Blue Origin NS-21 — Shenzhou-14 — Blue Origin NS-22 — Soyuz MS-22 — SpaceX Crew-5 — Shenzhou-15
SpaceX Crew-6 — Axiom Mission 2 — Virgin Galactic Unity 25 — Shenzhou-16 — Galactic 01 — Galactic 02 — SpaceX Crew-7 — Galactic 03 — Soyuz MS-24 — Galactic 04 — Shenzhou-17 — Galactic 05
Axiom Mission 3 — Galactic 06 — SpaceX Crew-8 — Soyuz MS-25 — Shenzhou-18 — Blue Origin NS-25 — Boeing CFT — Galactic 07 — Blue Origin NS-26 — Polaris Dawn — Soyuz MS-26 — SpaceX Crew-9

Timeline

List by decades

Decade	Total flights	Major milestones	First by nationality
1960s	41	Yuri Gagarin, first human in space. Valentina Tereshkova, first woman in space. Alexei Leonov, first EVA. Neil Armstrong, first human on the Moon.	Yuri Gagarin Alan Shepard
1970s	38	Alfred Worden, first deep space EVA.	Vladimír Remek Mirosław Hermaszewski Sigmund Jähn Georgi Ivanov Bertalan Farkas Phạm Tuân Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
1980s	61	Bruce McCandless II, first untethered spacewalk.	Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa Dumitru Prunariu Jean-Loup Chrétien Ulf Merbold Rakesh Sharma Marc Garneau Sultan Salman Al Saud Wubbo J. Ockels Mohammed Faris Abdul Ahad Mohmand Rodolfo Neri Vela Toyohiro Akiyama
1990s	83	Yuri Gidzenko, Sergei Krikalev and William M. Shepherd, first crew on ISS.	Helen Sharman Franz Viehböck Dirk Frimout Aleksandr Viktorenko and Aleksandr Kaleri Claude Nicollier Franco Malerba Leonid Kadeniuk Pedro Duque Ivan Bella
2000s	61	Dennis Tito, first paying space tourist. SpaceShipOne flight 16P, first private suborbital flight	Mark Shuttleworth Ilan Ramon Yang Liwei Christer Fuglesang Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Yi So-yeon
2010s	44	—	Andreas Mogensen Aidyn Aimbetov Hazza Al Mansouri
2020-present	51	Inspiration4, first private orbital flight	Namira Salim Alper Gezeravcı

Notes

^ Dates in this table refer only to actual flights, and not the broader duration of their associated programs. For example, while Project Gemini was begun in 1961 and concluded in 1966, its crewed spaceflights occurred only from 1965–1966.
^ Soyuz missions include the following: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 18a, a non-fatal aborted mission which reached space as a sub-orbital flight; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo–Soyuz; and Soyuz T-10a, a non-fatal accident in which the crewed launch was aborted due to a fire, failing to reach space.
^ Soyuz missions include Soyuz MS-10.
^ Following the Apollo program, the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz flights also used Apollo hardware.
^ includes two fatal missions, STS-51-L, and STS-107. The former did not reach space, while the latter did. Includes X-15 flights over 80 km (50 miles).
^ Includes VP-03 and VF-01, which both satisfied the United States definition of spaceflight (50 mi (80.47 km)), but fell short of the Kármán line (100 km (62.14 mi)), the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale definition.

External links

Spacefacts Compare with the present article. The Spacefacts list includes most flights listed here, but omits twelve: The three failed launches of STS-51-L, Soyuz T-10a and Soyuz MS-10, none of which achieved human spaceflight, the uncrewed launch of Soyuz 34 (which nevertheless returned a crew to Earth), and the eight sub-orbital human spaceflights: Mercury-Redstone 3 and 4, X-15 flights 90 and 91, SpaceShipOne flights 15P, 16P and 17P, and Soyuz 18a.

Astronautix Similarly, see the list for "Manned Spaceflight" given at Astronautix, which includes other related categories.

References

[1] Dates in this table refer only to actual flights, and not the broader duration of their associated programs. For example, while Project Gemini was begun in 1961 and concluded in 1966, its crewed spaceflights occurred only from 1965–1966.

[2] Soyuz missions include the following: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 18a, a non-fatal aborted mission which reached space as a sub-orbital flight; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo–Soyuz; and Soyuz T-10a, a non-fatal accident in which the crewed launch was aborted due to a fire, failing to reach space.

[3] Soyuz missions include Soyuz MS-10.

[4] Following the Apollo program, the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz flights also used Apollo hardware.

[5] udes two fatal missions, STS-51-L, and STS-107. The former did not reach space, while the latter did. Includes X-15 flights over 80 km (50 miles).

[6] Includes VP-03 and VF-01, which both satisfied the United States definition of spaceflight (50 mi (80.47 km)), but fell short of the Kármán line (100 km (62.14 mi)), the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale definition.

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]

[f]

Summary

Human spaceflights

1961–1970

1971–1980

1981–1990

1991–2000

2001–2010

2011–2020

2021–present

Timeline

List by decades

See also

Notes

External links

References