Willamette Stone

The Willamette Stone is located where the meridian and baseline intersect on this BLM map.

The Willamette Stone was a small stone obelisk originally installed by the Department of Interior in 1885 in the western hills of Portland, Oregon, in the United States to mark the intersection and origin of the Willamette meridian and Willamette baseline. It replaced a cedar stake placed by the Surveyor General of the Oregon Territory in 1851; this stake defined the grid system of sections and townships from which all real property in the states of Oregon and Washington has been measured following the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850. The Willamette meridian runs north–south, and the Willamette baseline runs east–west through the marker.^[1] The easternmost northeast corner of Washington County is sited on the marker.

History

The location of the obelisk is now indicated by a stainless steel marker in Willamette Stone State Heritage Site, an Oregon state park approximately four miles (6.4 km) west of downtown Portland. The site is near Skyline Boulevard, in the West Hills overlooking the Tualatin Valley and the Willamette River watershed.

The grid defined by the stone extended the Public Land Survey System and was used as the basis of land claims in the Oregon Territory. The first marker, a red cedar stake, was placed on the site on June 4, 1851, by John B. Preston, the first Surveyor General of the Oregon Territory.^[1] Preston was appointed by President Millard Fillmore to create a system for surveying land in the territory;^[2] he lost his position in 1853, and "drifted into obscurity."^[3] The location was chosen such that the baseline would not cross the Columbia River and the meridian would lie west of Vancouver Lake.^[4] The meridian and baseline were surveyed using solar compasses by James E. Freeman of Wisconsin and William Ives of Michigan. Ives surveyed the baseline in both directions and the meridian to the north; Freeman surveyed the meridian to the south.^[5] The grid system was an extension of the system used in the Northwest Territory proposed by Thomas Jefferson. The Willamette Stone marked the location of the first townships and ranges north and south of the marker.

The Department of Interior replaced the stake with a stone obelisk on July 25, 1885.^[1] On two sides, the stone was marked with the words "BASE" and "LINE", while on the other two sides it was marked with the words "WILL." and "MER." As the stone was vandalized in the 1980s, the federal government replaced it with the current marker. An accompanying bronze plaque was also placed by the State of Oregon which read:

Beginning here, the Willamette meridian was established running north to Puget Sound and south to the California border, and the baseline was established running east to the Idaho border and west to the Pacific Ocean.^[3]

As part of the replacement project, the park was also improved which included adding signage, information boards, and improving the trail and parking areas. The park was re-dedicated by Governor Vic Atiyeh in 1988.^[6]

Streets

The location of the Willamette meridian and Willamette baseline can be identified by various streets that follow or parallel their courses, often named to call attention to this fact.

North–South streets and the meridian

Streets named because they follow the meridian

In Clackamas County, SW Stafford Road and Meridian Road follow the meridian.
In Marion County several sections of Meridian Road follow the meridian, but hilly terrain forces many deviations.
In Linn County, portions of Meridian Heights Loop, north of Sweet Home follow the meridian.
In Jackson County, Meridian Road follows several miles of the meridian.
In Thurston County, Washington, east of Lacey, three sections of Meridian Road follow the meridian, totaling about three miles (5 km).
In Kitsap County, Washington, west of Silverdale near Apex Airport, Willamette Meridian Road NW follows the meridian for about three miles (5 km).

Other streets that follow the meridian

In Multnomah County, SW 65th Avenue and a short section of Interstate 5 immediately south of the Barbur Blvd. interchange overlay the meridian.
In Clark County, Washington, north of Ridgefield, NW 71st Avenue follows the meridian for about two miles.
In Lewis County, Washington, east of Toledo, Templeton and Schmidt roads follow the meridian for the mile adjacent to SR 505. South of US Highway 12 at Ethel, Tucker and Classe Roads follow the meridian for about 3 miles.
In Pierce County, Washington, on the Key Peninsula, 150th Avenue S follows the meridian its entire 1+1⁄2-mile (2.4 km) length.
In Thurston County, Washington, east of Lacey, Tucker Road SE (no relation to the Tucker Road in Lewis County) follows the meridian for about 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km).
In Kitsap County, Washington, near the western border of Naval Submarine Base Bangor, parts of Lester Road NW, Grampus Road, and Snook Road follow the meridian for a total of about two miles.
In Whatcom County, Washington, near Birch Bay, Jackson Road (south of the bay) and Harborview Road (north of the bay) both follow the meridian, for a total of about five miles.
In Jefferson County, Washington, near Hadlock, Cleveland Street, south of Port Townsend Bay, follows the meridian for about 3 blocks.

Streets named because they parallel the meridian

In Whatcom County, Washington, Guide Meridian Road (State Route 539) is named after the Guide Meridian between R2E and R3E, 12 miles (19 km) east of the Willamette meridian.
In Newberg, Meridian Street is several miles west of the Willamette meridian.

East–West streets and the baseline

Streets named because they follow the baseline

Baseline Road in Tillamook, Washington, Hood River, Gilliam, and Morrow counties all follow or start at the Willamette baseline.

Other streets that follow the baseline

Stark Street in east Portland (formerly Base Line Road) and Washington County follows the Willamette baseline.

Streets named because they parallel the baseline

Division Street in Portland (formerly Section Line Road) follows the division between the first and second rows of square-mile sections south of the Willamette baseline.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Corning, Howard M. (1989) Dictionary of Oregon History. Binfords & Mort Publishing. p. 138.
^ Atwood, Kay (2008). Chaining Oregon: Surveying the Public Lands of the Pacific Northwest, 1851-1855. McDonald & Woodward. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-939923-20-5.
^ ^a ^b Friedman, Ralph (1990). In Search of Western Oregon. Caxton Press. pp. 279–80. ISBN 978-0-87004-332-1.
^ Atwood, p. 27.
^ White, C. Albert (1983). A History of the Rectangular Survey System. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. p. 114. ISBN 9780160335044.
^ "Willamette Stone State Heritage Site - Oregon State Parks". stateparks.oregon.gov. Retrieved April 8, 2024.

External links

"Cadastral Survey [Willamette Meridian]". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
"Willamette Meridian, Portland, OR". Principal Meridian Project. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
"Willamette Meridian". The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Willamette Stone
Willamette Stone State Heritage Site
Photographs of the stone, published 1959 (via Google Books)

45°31′10.23551″N 122°44′37.89866″W / 45.5195098639°N 122.7438607389°W / 45.5195098639; -122.7438607389

[Oregon-1] Corning, Howard M. (1989) Dictionary of Oregon History. Binfords & Mort Publishing. p. 138.

[2] Atwood, Kay (2008). Chaining Oregon: Surveying the Public Lands of the Pacific Northwest, 1851-1855. McDonald & Woodward. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-939923-20-5.

[friedman-3] Friedman, Ralph (1990). In Search of Western Oregon. Caxton Press. pp. 279–80. ISBN 978-0-87004-332-1.

[4] Atwood, p. 27.

[5] White, C. Albert (1983). A History of the Rectangular Survey System. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. p. 114. ISBN 9780160335044.

[6] "Willamette Stone State Heritage Site - Oregon State Parks". stateparks.oregon.gov. Retrieved April 8, 2024.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

v t e Principal meridians of the United States
Numbered meridians	First Second Third Fourth Fourth (extended) Fifth Sixth
Named meridians	Black Hills Boise Chickasaw Choctaw Cimarron Copper River Gila and Salt River Humboldt Huntsville Indian Louisiana Michigan Mount Diablo Navajo New Mexico Montana St. Helena meridian St. Stephens Salt Lake San Bernardino Tallahassee Uintah Umiat Ute Washington Willamette Wind River
List of principal and guide meridians and base lines of the United States

v t e Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)
Topics	American Fur Company Columbian exchange Executive Committee Ferries Hudson's Bay Company Oregon & California Railroad Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Country Oregon Lyceum Oregon missionaries Oregon Spectator Oregon Territory Oregon Trail Oregon Treaty Organic Laws Pacific Fur Company Provisional Government
Events	Treaty of 1818 Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Willamette Cattle Company Champoeg Meetings Star of Oregon Whitman massacre Cayuse War Donation Land Claim Act Holmes v. Ford Rogue River Wars Constitutional Convention Modoc War Great Gale of 1880
Places	Albina Applegate Trail Barlow Road Canemah Champoeg Elliott Cutoff Fort Astoria Fort Dalles Fort Vancouver Fort William French Prairie Linn City Meek Cutoff Methodist Mission Oregon City Oregon Institute Philip Foster Farm Thomas and Ruckle Road Tualatin Academy Whitman Mission Willamette Trading Post
People	George Abernethy Jesse Applegate Ira Babcock Sam Barlow François Blanchet William H. Boring Elijah Bristow Tabitha Brown Matthew Deady Abigail Scott Duniway Thomas Lamb Eliot Philip Foster Peter French Joseph Gale Cornelius Gilliam David Hill Chief Joseph Joseph Kellogg H.A.G. Lee Jason Lee David Thomas Lenox Asa Lovejoy Morton M. McCarver John McLoughlin Joseph Meek Ezra Meeker James D. Miller John Minto Robert Newell Joel Palmer Osborne Russell Sager orphans Levi Scott Eliza Hart Spalding Henry Spalding William Vandevert Elijah White Marcus Whitman Narcissa Whitman Geo. H. Williams Ewing Young
Transportation	Columbia Lot Whitcomb Canemah Colonel Wright Gazelle Oregon Steam Navigation Company
Oregon history	Native peoples history History to 1806 Pioneer history Modern history