Ahvaz
Ahvaz
Persian: اهواز | |
|---|---|
City | |
      .jpg)  From top: The white bridge, black bridge, Ahvaz at night, the triangle building of Shahid Chamran University, the shrine of Ali ibn Mahziar, Karun river, and the 8th bridge (Ghadir-bridge). | |
 Seal | |
| Nickname: The City of Bridges | |
  Ahvaz | |
| Coordinates: 31°18′17″N 48°40′42″E / 31.30472°N 48.67833°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Khuzestan |
| County | Ahvaz |
| District | Central |
| Area | |
• City | 220 km2 (80 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Population (2024 [3]) | |
| • Urban | 1,309,000 [2] |
| Demonym | Ahvazi |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Postal code | 61xxx |
| Area code | (+98) 61 |
| Climate | BWh |
| Website | www |
Ahvaz (Persian: اهواز; [ʔæhˈvɒːz] )[a] is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[4] It is home to Persians, Arabs, Bakhtiaris, Dezfulis, Shushtaris, and others.[5] Languages spoken in the area include Persian, Arabic, Luri and dialects such as Bakhtiari, Dezfuli and Shushtari.[6]
Ahvaz is home to over 1.2 million people within its metropolitan area, including Sheybani. Census results suggest a steady increase in population. At the time of the National Census of 2006, the city had 969,843 inhabitants in 212,097 households;[7] 1,112,021 people in 288,271 households in 2011;[8] and in 2016 the census counted 1,184,788 people in 331,556 households.[9]
The river Karun flows through the middle of the city. It is one of the two navigable rivers in Iran, alongside the Arvand Rud.[10] Ahvaz has a long history, dating back to the Achaemenid period. In ancient times, the city was one of the main centers of the Academy of Gondishapur.
Etymology
[edit]The original inhabitants of the Khuzestan province, the Khuzi, are the source of the name "Ahvaz".[11]
History
[edit]Ancient history
[edit]Later the name was changed to Hormazd-Ardašēr (Persian: هرمزداردشیر Hormozd ardeshir) and it became abbreviated to Daravashir later, but as a matter of fact, it's not quite clear if this change was by the King Ardashir I,[12] in 230 (cf. Encyclopædia Iranica, al-Muqaddasi, et al.) or by his grandson Hormizd I (according to the Middle Persian Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr (shahrestān hā-ye Irānshahr).
The city had two sections; the nobles of the city lived in one part while the other was inhabited by merchants.[13]
Modern history
[edit]In the 19th century, "Ahvaz was no more than a small borough inhabited mainly by Sabeans (1,500 to 2,000 inhabitants according to Ainsworth in 1835; 700 according to Curzon in 1890)."[14]
In the 1880s, under Qajar rule, the Karun River was dredged and re-opened to commerce. A newly built railway crossed the Karun at Ahvaz. The city again became a commercial crossroads, linking river and rail traffic. The construction of the Suez Canal further stimulated trade. A port city was built near the old village of Ahvaz, and named Bandar-e-Naseri in honor of Nassereddin Shah Qajar.
Oil was found near Ahvaz in the early 20th century, and the city once again grew and prospered as a result of this newfound wealth. From 1897 to 1925, the city of Ahvaz was in the hands of heshmatoddoleh Ghajar, who acted as governor and Sarhang Reza Gholi Khane Arghoon commander of Ghajari's army based in Khuzestan. Sheikh Khaz'al was recognized by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar as hereditary ruler of Mohammerah, Sardar Asad Bakhtiari as the most powerful leader of Khuzestan's Bakhtiaries.[citation needed] He had power and authority over most regions of Khuzestan, such as Dezful, Shushtar, Izeh, even Ahvaz and Amir mojahede bakhtiari in Ramhormoz and Behbahan. At this time, the newly founded Ahvaz was named Nâseri in honour to its founder Nassereddin Shah Qajar. Afterwards, during the Pahlavi period, it resumed its old name, Ahvaz. The government of the Khūzestān Province was transferred there from Shûshtar in 1926. The Trans-Iranian Railway reached Ahvaz in 1929 and by World War II, Ahvaz had become the principal built-up area of the interior of Khūzestān. Professional segregation remained well marked between various groups in that period still feebly integrated: Persians, sub-groupings of Persians and Arabs. Natives of the Isfahan region held an important place in retail trade, owners of cafes and hotels and as craftsmen.[15]
Iraq attempted to annex Khūzestān and Ahvaz in 1980, resulting in the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Ahvaz was close to the front lines and suffered badly during the war.
Iraq had pressed its claims to Khūzestān. Iraq had hoped to exacerbate ethnic tensions and win over popular support for the invaders. Most accounts say that the Iranian Arab inhabitants resisted the Iraqis rather than welcome them as liberators. However, some Iranian Arabs claim that as a minority they face discrimination from the central government; they agitate for the right to preserve their cultural and linguistic distinction and more provincial autonomy. See Politics of Khūzestān.
In 1989, the Foolad Ahvaz steel facility was built close to the town. This company is best known for its company-sponsored football club, Foolad F.C., which was the champion of Iran's Premier Football League in 2005.
In 2005 the city witnessed a series of bomb explosions. Many government sources relate these events to developments in Iraq, accusing foreign governments of organizing and funding Arab separatist groups. The Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz claimed credit for several of the bombings, including four bombs on 12 June 2005, that killed 8 people.[16]
Gunmen killed at least 29 people in an attack on a crowd watching a military parade on 22 September 2018.[17]
People
[edit]| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1986 | 579,826 | — |
| 1991 | 724,653 | +4.56% |
| 1996 | 804,980 | +2.12% |
| 2006 | 969,843[19] | +1.88% |
| 2011 | 1,112,021 | +2.77% |
| 2016 | 1,184,788 | +1.28% |
| source:[18] | ||
According to the 2016 census, the city had an estimated population of 1,184,788 people.[9]
Languages
[edit]Based on a survey taken by the Iranian ministry of culture in 2010, the most common languages in Ahvaz are Persian (44.8%), Arabic (35.7%), and Bakhtiari (15.8%).[20] Many Ahvazis are bilingual, speaking both Persian and one of the following languages/Dialects. The Arabic spoken in Ahvaz is a variety of Khuzestani Arabic.[21][22][23] Another part of Ahvazis speak Bakhtiari dialect of Luri language.[24][25][26] Modern Mandaic (or Mandae) language is also spoken among the Mandaeans of Ahvaz. It is a descendant of the Classical Mandaic language that has been partially influenced by Khuzestani Persian.
Bridges
[edit]In order to connect more between east and west Ahvaz, several big bridges have been built on the Karun river, for this reason, Ahvaz has become known as the City of bridges, although since the beginning of the 20th century, this city has always been known as the Oil Capital of Iran, along with other cities of Khuzestan province![27]
There are 9 bridges over the Karun river.[citation needed]
Pol-Siah (Black Bridge)
[edit]
The Black Bridge, also known as the Victory Bridge, was the first modern bridge over the Karun River. The bridge was built during World War II and used to supply the Allies in the Soviet Union and had a major impact on the Allied victory.[28]
Pol-Sefid (White Bridge)
[edit]
White Bridge is an arch bridge completed on 21 September 1936 and inaugurated on 6 November 1936. The bridge remains a symbol of the city still today.
The other 7 bridges are third bridge, Naderi bridge, Fifth bridge, Sixth bridge, Seventh bridge (also named Dialogue among civilizations bridge), Cable bridge, and Ninth bridge.
Location and roads
[edit]Ahvaz is located 100 km north-east of Abadan and is accessible via following routes in addition of a single runway airport:
- Tehran-Khorramshahr national railway
Ahvaz-Abadan expressway (145 km)
Ahvaz-Andimeshk (152 km) expressway
Ahvaz-Bandar Imam Khomeini freeway (175 km).
Ahvaz, being the largest city in the province, consists of two distinctive districts: the newer part of Ahvaz which is the administrative and industrial center, which is built on the right bank of the Karun river while residential areas are found in the old section of the city, on the left bank.
Climate
[edit]Ahvaz has a subtropical hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and cool, short winters. Summer temperatures are regularly at least 45 °C (113 °F), sometimes exceeding 50 °C (122 °F),[30] with many sandstorms and duststorms common during the summer period. However, in winters, the minimum temperature can fall to around 5 °C (41 °F). Winters in Ahvaz have no snow. The average annual rainfall is around 230 mm. On June 29, 2017, the temperature reached 54 °C (129 °F).[31] Furthermore, the dew point peaked at 23 °C (73 °F) which is unusually humid for the usual dry heat. Despite the fact that it has never snowed in Ahvaz, it has fallen down to −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) before.
| Climate data for Ahvaz (1991-2020, extremes 1951-2023) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.4 (110.1) |
49.2 (120.6) |
54.0 (129.2) |
52.4 (126.3) |
51.6 (124.9) |
50.0 (122.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
54.0 (129.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
45.1 (113.2) |
47.3 (117.1) |
46.6 (115.9) |
42.9 (109.2) |
36.3 (97.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
33.6 (92.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
19.3 (66.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.9 (1.81) |
23.1 (0.91) |
29.2 (1.15) |
16.7 (0.66) |
3.0 (0.12) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
9.4 (0.37) |
40.6 (1.60) |
50.7 (2.00) |
218.9 (8.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.7 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 24.3 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 72 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 27 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 39 | 56 | 71 | 43 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185 | 198 | 236 | 245 | 295 | 343 | 345 | 344 | 309 | 269 | 210 | 182 | 3,161 |
| Source 1: NOAA NCEI[32] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[33] Tutiempo (September–December record high)[34][35] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ahvaz (1951–2010, records 1951-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.4 (110.1) |
48.8 (119.8) |
54.0 (129.2) |
52.4 (126.3) |
51.6 (124.9) |
49.5 (121.1) |
45.0 (113.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
29.7 (85.5) |
54.0 (129.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
39.3 (102.7) |
44.6 (112.3) |
46.5 (115.7) |
46.3 (115.3) |
42.5 (108.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
33.0 (91.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48.2 (1.90) |
26.9 (1.06) |
26.4 (1.04) |
16.1 (0.63) |
4.4 (0.17) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
6.4 (0.25) |
31.4 (1.24) |
48.7 (1.92) |
209.2 (8.24) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 24.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 61 | 51 | 41 | 28 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 29 | 38 | 53 | 69 | 43 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.5 (52.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.5 (49.2) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 174.7 | 193.2 | 214.1 | 233.8 | 284.4 | 326.2 | 336.1 | 331.2 | 301.8 | 263.5 | 209.5 | 176.4 | 3,044.9 |
| Source 1: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[33] (temperatures),[36]
(precipitation),[37] (humidity),[38] (days with precipitation),[39] (sunshine)[40][41] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(Dew point 1957-2010)[42] | |||||||||||||
Pollution
[edit]In 2011, the World Health Organization ranked Ahvaz as the world's most air-polluted city.[43] The reason Ahvaz is so polluted is because of its oil industry. The pollution can be very dangerous, causing different types of diseases, and can be harmful to plants.[44]
Transportation
[edit]Airport
[edit]
Ahvaz International Airport (IATA: AWZ, ICAO: OIAW) (Persian: فرودگاه بینالمللی اهواز) is an airport serving the city of Ahvaz, Iran.
Railway
[edit]
Ahvaz railway station (Persian: ايستگاه راه آهن اهواز, Istgah-e Rah Ahan-e Ahvaz) is located in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province.
- Ahvaz is accessible via freeways from Isfahan and Shiraz, and roadways to Tehran.
- A metro urban railway system is being built by the Ahvaz urban railway. The system is planned to have a total of four lines. Line 1 will be a 23 km underground line with 24 stations.[46]
Sport
[edit]Traditionally, Khuzestan province has been a major soccer hub in Iran. The city has two existing sport complexes: Takhti Stadium and the newly constructed Ghadir Stadium. There are several other smaller complexes for martial arts, swimming pools and gymnasiums. Also, a new privately owned stadium is currently under construction by Foolad F.C. in Ahvaz.
Football
[edit]
Football is a major part of the city's culture. The abundant enthusiasm has made Ahvaz home to three Iranian major Football clubs: Foolad, Esteghlal Khuzestan are currently playing in the Persian Gulf Pro League, and Esteghlal Ahvaz is playing in Azadegan League.
Foolad have won the league on two occasions, the 2013–2014 season and the 2004–2005 season. Esteghlal Ahvaz finished runners–up in the league in the 2006–2007 season. In 2016, Esteghlal Khuzestan won the league for the first time.
A number of other teams such as Foolad B the second team of Foolad and Karun Khuzestan play in the 2nd Division.
Futsal
[edit]Ahvaz has also two teams in the Iranian Futsal Super League, which are Sherkat Melli Haffari Iran FSC and Gaz Khozestan FSC.
Colleges and universities
[edit]Ahvaz is also known for its universities as well as its role in commerce and industry. Ahvaz institutes of higher learning include:
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Petroleum University of Technology
- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
- Jahad Daneshgahi Khouzestan[47]
- Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch
- Islamic Azad University - Science & Research Branch, Khuzestan
- Institute for Higher Education ACECR Khouzestan
- Payame Noor University of Ahvaz
- Amiralmoemenin University
- Rahnama Institute of Higher Education
Notable people
[edit]
- Ahmad Mahmoud (1931–2002), Persian novelist
- Ali Sajadi Hoseini (1953–1994), filmmaker
- Ali Shamkhani (born 1955), Iranian Minister of Defense (1997–2005)
- Amir Taheri (born 1942), Iranian conservative author
- Ezzat Negahban (1926–2009), patriarch of modern Iranian archaeology
- Hamed Haddadi (born 1985), NBA basketball player
- Hamid Dabashi (born 1951), intellectual historian, cultural and literary critic
- Hamid Zangeneh, economist, author, and activist
- Hossein Kaebi (born 1982), national football player
- Hossein Karimi (born 1992), bodybuilder
- Jabbar Choheili (1923–2014), Mandaean priest
- Jalal Kameli Mofrad, Iranian football player
- Mehdi Daghagheleh, Iranian football player
- Manuchehr Shahrokhi, Professor of Finance, California State University; Editor, Global Finance Journal; Executive Director, Global Finance Association-Conference
- Meamar (born 1956), Iranian artist
- Mehdi Yarrahi (born 1981), Iranian Musician
- Mehrangiz Kar (born 1944), human rights activist
- Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri, former Wali-Faqih representative in Khuzestan, former Ahvaz Friday Imam
- Mohammad Hossein Adeli (born 1953), Iranian economist and diplomat
- Mohammad-Reza Eskandari (born 1960), Iran's former Minister of Agriculture
- Muhammad ibn Falah, theologian
- Najah Choheili, Mandaean priest
- Parviz Abnar (born 1958), Iranian Sound recordist
- Patrick Monahan (born 1976), Irish Iranian comedian
- Saleh Hosseini, Translator, Critic, Professor of English Literature
- Samira Abbassy (born 1965), Iranian-born British painter, born in Ahvaz[48]
- Siavash Ghomayshi (born 1945), Musician, Singer and Songwriter
- Sousan S. Altaie, PhD Scientific Policy Advisor, OIVD CDRH, FDA
- Mehdi Rabbi (born 1980), writer
See also
[edit]- Ahvaz Field
- Choqa Zanbil
- Elam
- Gundeshapur
- History of Iran
- Khūzestān Province
- Mandaeism, Mandaic language
- Politics of Khūzestān
- Susa
- Takhti Stadium (Ahvaz)
- Rahian-e Noor
Ahvaz travel guide from Wikivoyage
Media related to Ahvaz at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (14 December 2024). "Ahvaz, Ahvaz County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 14 December 2024.
- ^ "Ahvaz, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2024".
- ^ "Ahvaz, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2024".
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (26 July 2014) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82830/T126K. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
- ^ Getting know to Ahvaz aparat.com Retrieved 5 May 2018
- ^ AbdulHussain Sa'dian, Land and people of Iran, Anthropology and ceremonies of Iranian ethnicities, publishers science and life, pp. 463–463.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Khuzestan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Khuzestan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Khuzestan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Khuzestan (Iran): Counties & Cities - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de.
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ Dodgeon M. H. and Lieu S. N. C., The Roman Eastern Frontier and The Persian Wars; A Documentary History, London (1991), p.35; ISBN 0-415-10317-7
- ^ cf. Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^ Encyclopædia Iranica, p.690, see entry: Ahvaz
- ^ Ibid, p.690
- ^ Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz MIPT Terror Knowledge Base
- ^ "29 killed, 60 injured in Iran military parade attack on Revolutionary Guards". english.alarabiya.net. 22 September 2018.
- ^ "Iran: Provinces, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)- "Average Mean Daily temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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"Average relative humidity in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^
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External links
[edit]- Foolad Ahvaz Football Club (in Persian)
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